Facial Preservation Following Extreme Mummification: Shrunken Heads

The study investigated the preservation of facial features in 65 shrunken heads using various methods, including manual inspection, MDCT, IRR, UVF, and microscopic hair analysis. It found that while the mummification process significantly disfigured the outer face and altered skin complexion, some features like skin defects, facial creases, hairlines, and earlobe form were retained. Hair structure remained normal but appeared longer due to shrinkage. Commercial heads were less distorted than ceremonial ones, with some identifiable features. Facial identification was limited, but hair analysis provided insights into the individual's ancestry, age, and sex. The study also noted the potential for DNA extraction and stable isotope analysis of hair for further profiling. Despite the extreme alterations to craniofacial structure, certain features were preserved, aiding in individualization. The research complied with ethical standards and was conducted with institutional permission.