Assessing the Environmental and Health Adverse Effects of Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam: A Literature Review

This literature review examined the adverse effects of mercury released from dental amalgam, which consisted of 50% mercury and other metals. Despite its health risks to the nervous, respiratory, renal, and endocrine systems, amalgam was still used in some countries, although banned in others like Sweden, Denmark, Canada, the United States, and Japan. Amalgam restorations were significant sources of mercury contamination, releasing 1800-2700 tons annually. Mercury vapor from amalgam could enter the atmosphere, dental office wastewater, and systemic organs, posing risks to the renal-urinary system and potentially affecting infants through breast milk. Elevated mercury levels were found in the blood, urine, hair, and nails of dentists, dental assistants, and pregnant women, exceeding safe levels. Neurological and psychological effects included sleep disorders, amnesia, mental disorders, hair loss, and various diseases. The review suggested replacing dental amalgam with composite resins to mitigate these risks.