Assessing the Environmental and Health Adverse Effects of Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam: A Literature Review

This literature review examined the adverse effects of mercury released from dental amalgam, which consists of 50% pure mercury. Despite its health risks to the nervous, respiratory, renal, and endocrine systems, amalgam was still used in some countries, although banned in Sweden, Denmark, Canada, the United States, and Japan. Amalgam restorations were significant sources of mercury contamination, releasing 1800-2700 tons annually. Mercury vapor, released during dental activities, could enter the atmosphere, affect systemic organs, and pose risks to pregnant women and infants. Elevated mercury levels were found in the blood, urine, hair, and nails of dentists, dental assistants, and pregnant women, exceeding safe levels. Health effects included neurological and psychological disorders, hair loss, and various diseases. The review suggested replacing dental amalgam with composite resins to mitigate these risks.