Application and Progress of Cultured Models of Gallbladder Carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a challenging cancer to detect and treat due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. The development of appropriate in vitro growth models is crucial for studying GBC's biological behavior and assessing treatment effects. Recent advancements in biomaterials and tissue engineering, particularly bioprinting, have led to the creation of various cultured models, including 2D and 3D cell cultures, xenograft models, and 3D bioprinting methods. These models enhance the understanding of tumor growth, microenvironment interactions, and can be used for drug screening and personalized therapy. The study highlights the progress, challenges, and future directions in developing GBC models, emphasizing the need for innovation and improvement in this field.