Opportunities and Challenges of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) show significant promise in regenerative medicine due to their stability, high production yield, and drug delivery capabilities. They offer advantages over synthetic nanomaterials and stem cell therapies, such as enhanced targeting and the ability to cross barriers like the blood-brain barrier. BEVs can promote tissue regeneration, bone healing, and combat antibiotic resistance. However, challenges like potential immune responses, toxicity, and production standardization need addressing. Engineering strategies, including genetic modifications, are being explored to improve their safety and functionality, making BEVs viable candidates for innovative therapies in regenerative medicine.