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This study found that nearly 20% of men surveyed in German-speaking Europe had undergone cosmetic surgery, with higher conformity to traditional masculinity ideologies linked to greater odds of having these procedures, particularly hair transplants.

This study observed that men who conform more strongly to traditional masculinity norms are likelier to undergo cosmetic surgery as a way to assert power, success, dominance, and sexual success.

This article examines how makeover television programs reflect and reinforce patriarchal ideals of beauty and identity in women's body image, without presenting new empirical findings.

This article reviews the discourse around male cosmetic surgery patients and argues against the perception that cosmetic surgery will become as common among men as it is among women.

This study analyzes the cultural ideology of female body image as portrayed in makeover TV programs, focusing on the impact of patriarchy, but it reports no new empirical results.