July 2024 in “Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics” In this case-control study, the researchers found no significant association between IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms and alopecia areata susceptibility among the Egyptian population.
December 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms do not have a significant association with alopecia areata susceptibility in the Egyptian population.
January 2003 in “Hepatology” 
6 citations
,
November 2019 in “The application of clinical genetics” This study identified a significant genetic association between the TNFα gene and alopecia areata susceptibility in the Jordanian Arab population.
37 citations
,
October 2014 in “JAMA dermatology” This case report describes a woman with alopecia universalis, resistant to multiple treatments, who experienced successful hair regrowth with adalimumab, suggesting potential mechanisms for future investigation.