26 citations
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March 2014 in “Rheumatology” This study confirms an association between TNF-α antagonist exposure and alopecia, indicating a class effect among the medications examined.
53 citations
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July 2009 in “Cancer Research” In this mouse study, the researchers found that the monoclonal antibody ME1 causes hair follicle inflammation by up-regulating TNFα, which can be reduced by TNFα and interleukin-1 inhibitors.
50 citations
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November 2021 in “Viruses” This study observed that in vitro exposure to dihydrotestosterone worsened COVID-19 spike protein-induced endothelial injury, while spironolactone showed potential in reducing this effect, suggesting a rationale for further evaluation in treating COVID-19.
2 citations
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April 2023 in “Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis” This study found that TNFα inhibitors can induce psoriatic alopecia, highlighting that early diagnosis and discontinuation of the drugs in some cases may prevent irreversible scalp damage.
This study found that neutrophil-rich hair follicle inflammation caused by a monoclonal antibody targeting murine EGFR in mice involved TNFα and interleukin-1, suggesting these cytokines play a role in EGFR antibody-induced rashes in cancer patients.