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In this study, PKCepsilon transgenic mice showed increased TNFalpha shedding during skin tumor promotion, which may contribute to the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.

This study found that TPA was significantly more effective than mezerein in inducing dark basal keratinocytes in mouse skin, which may be important in early tumor promotion stages.

This study found that TPA treatment transiently induces high levels of ODC in mouse epidermal cells, particularly around hair follicles, with localization reduced by retinoic acid or cycloheximide pretreatment.

This study suggests that chronic treatment with TPA in mouse skin selectively expands a keratinocyte subpopulation hyperinducible for ODC, which may be a key target for neoplastic transformation.

This study found that a single application of TCDD on the skin of hairless mice altered epidermal differentiation, changing keratin expression patterns similarly to a known tumor promoter.