June 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that polycaprolactone (PCL) in facial fillers led to more cell proliferation and vascular activity than hyaluronic acid (HA) in Wistar rats, suggesting enhanced tissue regeneration effects with PCL.
July 2025 in “Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas” This study found that a single session of botulinum toxin, whether administered subcutaneously or combined intramuscularly and subcutaneously, did not significantly improve hair density or hair quality in men with androgenetic alopecia after six months.
May 2025 in “Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas” The study did not find evidence to support using botulinum toxin as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia.
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November 2022 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This review discusses the possible materials used in subcutaneous injections for alopecia, but it reports no new clinical results and highlights the need for further research.
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October 2006 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” This case report describes subcutaneous emphysema in a patient's forearm as a rare complication of liquid nitrogen spray used on hypertrophic actinic keratosis, resolving spontaneously within a day.