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In this study, BPA rapidly increased dendritic spine and synapse densities in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, with involvement of estrogen receptors and ERK1/2 and p38 pathways, but disrupted dihydrotestosterone's effects on synaptic plasticity.

This study describes molecular mechanisms explaining how sex and stress steroids rapidly modulate dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons, suggesting recovery-like effects under steroid-depleted conditions compared to intact conditions.