11 citations
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December 2011 in “International journal of pharmaceutics” In this study, brief ultrasound exposure reduced the follicular contribution to hydrocortisone absorption while significantly increasing total skin permeability, likely due to removal of the upper stratum corneum.
6 citations
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December 2015 in “International journal of nanomedicine” This study found that low-frequency sonophoresis significantly decreased the skin penetration of sodium fluorescein-loaded PEGylated liposomes with D-limonene and affected percutaneous absorption by partially plugging hair follicle orifices.
2 citations
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December 2015 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” This study found that low frequency sonophoresis may reduce percutaneous absorption of sodium fluorescein-loaded liposomes by partially blocking follicular pathways in the skin.
April 2026 in “Journal of Craniofacial Surgery” This pilot study found that plasma- and sonophoresis-assisted delivery of an exosome-containing formulation improved hair and scalp metrics over 12 weeks, with short-term safety observed, but controlled trials are needed for confirmation.
22 citations
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November 2018 in “Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This review discusses iontophoresis, low-frequency ultrasound, and microneedles for enhancing topical drug delivery in dermatological treatments and reports no clinical results; it emphasizes their mechanisms and potential uses.