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In this study, ultradeformable liposomes containing Tween 20 or terpenes increased phospholipid bilayer fluidity and enhanced skin penetration of sodium fluorescein, with terpenes improving hair follicle penetration.

This study found that low-frequency sonophoresis significantly decreased the skin penetration of sodium fluorescein-loaded PEGylated liposomes with D-limonene and affected percutaneous absorption by partially plugging hair follicle orifices.

This study found that low frequency sonophoresis may reduce percutaneous absorption of sodium fluorescein-loaded liposomes by partially blocking follicular pathways in the skin.

This study found that iontophoresis significantly enhances the skin penetration of magnesium salt of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, especially in hairy mice, compared to passive diffusion.

In this study using ex vivo porcine ear skin, researchers found that standard nail varnish applied gently creates effective follicular closures, preventing penetration of certain substances like fluorescein sodium salt and caffeine into hair follicles, whereas solvent-free varnish and rapid application techniques were less effective.