research Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Through Vesicles and Particles: Preparation and Applications
Over the past decade, transdermal drug delivery gained interest due to benefits like avoiding first-pass metabolism, enhancing drug bioavailability, and ease of administration. Various vesicle systems (ethosomes, liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes) and particle systems (lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes) were developed using methods such as cold injection, rotary film evaporation, and high shear homogenization. These systems proved to be effective and feasible for transdermal delivery, with potential for further development to expand their applications. The article detailed the preparation methods and applications of these systems.
