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This study found that topical minoxidil solutions showed the highest skin permeation at 3-4% concentrations, with crystallization occurring at a 5% concentration due to vehicle component evaporation.

This article explains the preparation methods and applications for various vesicle and particle systems used in transdermal drug delivery, highlighting their effectiveness and potential for further development in this field.

In this study, luteolin-loaded nanoemulsions were shown to promote hair growth similarly to a luteolin solution in organic solvents, offering enhanced stability for follicular delivery.

This study found that nonionic liposomes were the most effective vehicle for delivering reporter genes into the skin of rat pups, compared to other liposome and nonliposome formulations.

This review analyzes the research on production delivery strategies using n-vehicle, highlighting recent developments and suggesting areas for future study, but it reports no new experimental findings.

This study evaluated green tea extract-loaded spanlastic formulations and found that a vesicle builder to edge activator ratio of 8:2 produced optimal characteristics, including a particle size of 419.70 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 60.85%, and a drug loading of 11.07%.

This study highlights that niosomes, or non-ionic surfactant based vesicles, offer an advantageous drug delivery system due to their stability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to enhance drug bioavailability and targeting efficiency for various therapeutic agents.

In a retrospective study, researchers found that topical spironolactone improved tear film quality and reduced inflammation related to meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye in patients, demonstrating good tolerability and suggesting it as a potential therapy for managing the condition.

This review highlights the potential of drug-loaded extracellular vesicles as a promising drug delivery platform but notes that clinical translation faces challenges due to variability in methods and the need for standardization and safety evaluation.

This thesis explored how stratum corneum barrier disruption and pH-sensitive nanoparticles influence drug penetration and release in skin models, highlighting potential applications for treating atopic dermatitis.

This study optimized efinaconazole spanlastic nanovesicles using risk management and multivariate analysis for potential transungual delivery to treat onychomycosis, achieving improved drug permeability and dissolution efficiency.

This review highlights the challenges in developing nano-scale drug delivery systems for natural antioxidants in wound healing, pointing out issues like low solubility and skin permeability, and discusses potential solutions such as combining polymers and lipids to enhance delivery effectiveness.

This article discusses the major role of motor vehicles in contributing to urban air pollution and its significant health impacts, especially in developing countries, but reports no new findings.

In this study, PEVIII, a nanocomposite chitosan-coated vesicle containing both α-hederin and hederacoside C, demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a keratitis model, showing significant lesion reduction, tissue improvement, and decreased bacterial load and inflammatory markers compared to other treatments.

This review highlights that although mangiferin, a polyphenol from the mango tree, faces challenges like low solubility and bioavailability, delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles and complexes have the potential to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness in treating various diseases.

This study explored the use of SOD-loaded niosomes as carriers to enhance the delivery of superoxide dismutase into hair follicles on guinea pig skin, finding that niosomes improved SOD penetration and preservation compared to free SOD, suggesting their potential as effective delivery vehicles.

This review highlights the promising potential of microemulsions and nanoemulsions in (trans)dermal drug delivery, noting a gap in understanding their distinct mechanisms and composition-related effects on skin permeability, while emphasizing the limited clarity on mesostructures and cosolvent impacts.

This review examines ethosomal structures and their mechanisms as skin delivery systems, outlining preparation methods and applications but presents no new experimental findings.

This study found that ethanol-containing formulations significantly increased minoxidil retention in the stratum corneum and appendages initially, while a propylene glycol-rich formulation enhanced deeper skin penetration over time.

This study concludes that phospholipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles may be an effective delivery system for quercetin in treating androgenic alopecia by improving hair regrowth and preventing hair follicle cell apoptosis in rat models.

This study evaluated niosome-based gels for delivering salicylic acid topically to treat acne vulgaris and found that the formulation SANG5, using Carbopol 940 and nutmeg oil, demonstrated the best drug release profile.

This study found that the developed Finasteride-loaded SMEDDS improved the relative bioavailability of the drug compared to a commercial tablet, offering a promising oral delivery system for glucosteroid analogs.

This study found that a phytosomal delivery system improved the bioavailability of Cuscuta reflexa extract compared to the plain extract, suggesting enhanced potential for this formulation.

In this study with C57BL/6 mice, SHJ extract was associated with increased hair growth and density, suggesting potential use in hair care cosmeceuticals, while also enhancing melanin production in melanoma cells.

This study found that formulating raloxifene in nano-lipid carriers significantly enhanced its permeation and cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to raw raloxifene.

This study showed that Thujae occidentalis semen extract inhibited 5alpha-reductase type 2 in laboratory tests and reduced androgen-related hair loss in animal models, suggesting potential use for male pattern baldness.

In this study, N. ottonis cactus cell extract applied to mice promoted hair growth and increased the number of hair follicles, suggesting its potential as a hair-growth-promoting agent.

This review highlights recent developments in nanovesicular carriers for enhancing molecule delivery into and across the skin, focusing on the design and evolution of phospholipid and non-phospholipid systems used in cosmetics and treating various skin conditions.

This study explored the use of spanlastic vesicles to enhance the delivery of bimatoprost for treating alopecia and found that a bimatoprost-loaded nanogel significantly increased skin drug accumulation and improved hair regrowth in a mouse model, outperforming both naive bimatoprost gel and commercial minoxidil formulations.

In this mouse study, researchers found that nanoparticles loaded with umbilical cord-derived stem cell membranes and minoxidil enhanced hair growth by improving drug solubility and transdermal delivery, increasing VEGF, IGF-1, MKI67, and CTNNB protein levels in skin tissue compared to regular minoxidil.