82 citations
,
January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” This study found that human skin with hair follicles and sebaceous glands absorbed significantly more steroids than scar skin without these appendages, indicating their role in steroid penetration.
18 citations
,
May 2014 in “International journal of pharmaceutics” This study found that UVA and UVB exposure increased hydroquinone and sunscreen absorption in nude mouse skin, with less absorption enhancement observed in more lipophilic sunscreens.
11 citations
,
December 2011 in “International journal of pharmaceutics” In this study, brief ultrasound exposure reduced the follicular contribution to hydrocortisone absorption while significantly increasing total skin permeability, likely due to removal of the upper stratum corneum.
10 citations
,
January 2014 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that ketorolac tert-butyl ester enhances skin permeation and follicular absorption compared to ketorolac, highlighting the role of lipophilicity and solubility in prodrug design.
15 citations
,
February 2014 in “Toxicology Letters” This study found that osthole, a coumarin derivative, demonstrated significantly higher skin accumulation and potential skin irritation compared to coumarin, which showed negligible alterations in protein biomarkers.
November 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This article includes summaries of multiple studies on dermatological topics like Imiquimod's effects on tumors, vitamin C absorption enhancement, and ferritin levels in hair loss, but reports no new results itself.
21 citations
,
January 2023 in “Biomaterials Science” This study investigated the use of dissolving microneedle patches to improve the skin-lightening effects of alpha-arbutin and resveratrol, finding that the patches enhanced intradermal delivery and slightly decreased the melanin index without affecting skin hydration or causing irritation over 24 hours.
8 citations
,
December 2024 in “Frontiers in Medicine” In this study, different treatments on ex vivo skin models effectively simulated varying levels of skin damage, demonstrating the value of these models in testing skin repair products and studying how a compromised skin barrier affects viral penetration.
156 citations
,
August 2016 in “Journal of controlled release” This review summarizes current knowledge on tight junctions in mammalian skin and their role in drug delivery and interaction with other barrier components, but reports no new experimental results.
31 citations
,
February 2019 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that ultraviolet radiation negatively affects hair follicle functions in human scalp skin, and caffeine application may provide some protective effects against this damage.
30 citations
,
April 1990 in “Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics” This study found that coadministering minoxidil with tretinoin cream increased minoxidil absorption nearly threefold in healthy males, attributed to increased stratum corneum permeability.
25 citations
,
June 2015 in “Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” This study found that using an electrical microneedling device enhanced the penetration of liposomal melanin-fluorescein into hair structures and widened the follicular infundibulum in ex vivo human skin models.
130 citations
,
August 2020 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This review discusses various nanoparticles used to enhance skin permeation and target delivery to skin organelles, but reports no new experimental results.
101 citations
,
October 2016 in “Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine” This review reports on the dual aspect of fullerene in skincare, highlighting its beneficial antioxidant properties as well as potential toxicity and skin cell reactions, while identifying areas for future research.
151 citations
,
July 2011 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” This review discusses various strategies to enhance drug delivery through the skin barrier, highlighting liposomes as promising carriers for increased dermal concentrations in topical therapies, but reports no new research results.
94 citations
,
May 2011 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” This study found that hair follicles contribute significantly to caffeine absorption shortly after topical application, with a faster absorption rate compared to the stratum corneum.
93 citations
,
April 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This article discusses the role of stratum corneum disruption in dandruff and suggests that treatments improving scalp barrier integrity along with antifungal activity may be beneficial; it reports no new research findings.
52 citations
,
January 2020 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that nanostructured lipid carriers with clobetasol propionate significantly enhance follicular drug delivery compared to commercial cream, and manual massage further doubles follicular retention.
40 citations
,
August 2014 in “Journal of Nanoparticle Research” This study found that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle gel demonstrated excellent wound healing efficacy in rats, surpassing both marketed formulations and ionic silver.
34 citations
,
July 2010 in “Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery” This review highlights the need for methodologies to understand and quantify drug penetration into hair follicles as significant drug pathways, noting this area lacks comprehensive articles and reports no new results.
23 citations
,
June 2014 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that the HPCH-based formulation P-08–016 may facilitate finasteride deposition in the dermis, potentially offering an alternative to systemic therapy by minimizing systemic absorption.
21 citations
,
March 2017 in “Skin research and technology” In this study, extracting internal lipids from Caucasian hair fibers led to decreased water permeability, influenced by the fluidity of lipids.
17 citations
,
August 2019 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review examines non-invasive methods for diagnosing inflammatory skin diseases like lupus erythematosus and psoriatic inflammation using samples from plucked hair and skin tape-strips, but no new clinical results are presented.
14 citations
,
August 2007 in “Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters” This study reported that the compound (1R, 2S)-4-(2-cyano-cyclohexyl-oxy)-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile effectively stimulated hair growth in mice and reduced sebum production in hamsters.
13 citations
,
October 2012 in “InTech eBooks” Nanocarriers could improve how drugs are delivered through the skin but require more research to overcome challenges and ensure safety.
8 citations
,
March 2014 in “Experimental Dermatology” Light and temperature affect the daily skin function rhythms in hairless rats, with temperature influencing water loss but not skin hydration.
1 citations
,
July 2005 in “Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences” Targeting drugs to hair follicles can treat skin conditions, but reaching deep follicle areas is hard and needs more research.
July 2025 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal” In this case report, researchers documented a rare instance of trans-epidermal elimination of insulin formulation in a 45-year-old woman with diabetes, suggesting that insulin or its excipients may have caused a granulomatous reaction leading to skin lesions at injection sites and impaired diabetes control.
July 2024 in “Journal of Controlled Release” In this study, researchers developed topical tofacitinib-loaded cationic lipid nanoparticles, which improved absorption and targeted hair follicles in an ex vivo pig ear model, showing promise in treating alopecia areata by reducing symptoms through the JAK/STAT pathway.
June 2015 in “Biomedical and biopharmaceutical research” This article reviews EU cosmetic product claim regulations and highlights increased harmonization and enforcement while reporting no new results.