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This study found that co-drugs synthesized from hydroquinone and tranexamic acid improved skin targeting and deposition, with reduced irritation and enhanced efficacy for treating hyperpigmentation.

In this study, researchers developed a new self-administered finasteride delivery system using powder-carrying microneedles that improved hair growth efficacy and addressed safety concerns compared to topical finasteride gel by allowing sustained intradermal release of the drug for three days with a single application.

This review compares animal and human skin characteristics in in vitro permeation studies but reports no new results, highlighting variations and the need for better model correlations.

In this study, ethosomes were found to significantly enhance the transdermal penetration and skin accumulation of finasteride compared to liposomes and other control solutions.

This study found that diffusion coefficients of chemicals in artificial sebum are significantly higher than those in stratum corneum lipids, suggesting the hair follicle may significantly contribute to transdermal permeation.

This review explores the use of topical and transdermal delivery for drugs and cosmetics, highlighting the benefits of avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism, with a focus on nanoparticulate formulations and techniques for studying skin penetration.

This study presented a new two-dimensional model that successfully predicts transdermal permeation of caffeine, highlighting the significant role of the follicular pathway in increasing systemic bioavailability.

In this study, the authors found that applying hypobaric pressure to the skin significantly increases the transdermal permeation of large molecules by enhancing diffusion, despite the associated skin stretching and hair follicle enlargement not fully explaining this effect.

This study found that finasteride ethosome formulations with specific ethanol and soya lecithin concentrations significantly enhanced transdermal drug delivery compared to a potential nanogel.

This study found that caffeine and flufenamic acid penetrated porcine skin more effectively through hair follicles, while the importance of the follicular pathway varied for other substances tested.

The study found that stratum corneum thickness and total epidermal lipid content influence the permeation rates of certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in various animal skin models, and suggests porcine skin as an effective human replacement in diffusion experiments.

This study investigated the integration of crystal engineering and microneedle technology for androgenetic alopecia treatment, finding that microneedles loaded with newly developed Kopexil multicomponent crystals reduced drug diffusion rates in vitro compared to standard formulations.

This study found that 50-nm PLGA nanoparticles delivered with iontophoresis enhanced skin permeation of indomethacin in rats more effectively than 100-nm nanoparticles, suggesting improved targeting of hair follicles.

This review examines ethosomal structures and their mechanisms as skin delivery systems, outlining preparation methods and applications but presents no new experimental findings.

This study involved formulating an invasome gel loaded with clotrimazole for treating fungal infections and assessed its various properties like spreadability and in vitro drug diffusion.

This study found that iontophoresis significantly enhances the skin penetration of magnesium salt of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, especially in hairy mice, compared to passive diffusion.

This review discusses the potential of nanocarriers to enhance transdermal drug delivery and the combination of these carriers with physical methods, but it reports no new experimental results.

This study extended a skin diffusion model to include a porous pathway, effectively explaining the permeability of both polar and lipophilic solutes through the stratum corneum.

This review explores the use of skin penetration enhancers like Transcutol® in various formulation systems, discussing their mechanisms and effectiveness in improving transdermal drug delivery without breaching the skin.

This study developed dissolving microneedles using specific polymers for transdermal delivery of rizatriptan benzoate, demonstrating improved drug skin penetration and significant alleviation of migraine symptoms in vivo compared to passive diffusion, suggesting potential advantages over conventional treatment methods for acute migraine.

This study aimed to enhance the skin penetration of minoxidil by encapsulating it in glycerosomal vesicles, offering a potential improvement in transdermal drug delivery for treating androgenetic alopecia. Results of the investigation were not reported.

This study found that using a combination of iontophoresis and liposomal delivery facilitated the effective intradermal administration of superoxide dismutase in rats, reducing oxidative skin damage from UV exposure.

This review highlights that the combination of ultrasound and microneedles can enhance transdermal drug delivery by using physical and energy-driven mechanisms to improve drug penetration into deeper skin layers, with implications for precision medicine and chronic disease treatments.

This review discusses the integration of nanoparticles with microneedles to improve drug delivery through enhanced stability, bioavailability, and controlled release, noting ongoing challenges with stability, scalability, and safety.

This study found that using drug microplates in transdermal finasteride films enhances aqueous solubility and skin permeation compared to films with pure finasteride.

This study found that invasomes enhanced the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of finasteride in rabbits, increasing AUC and T1/2 compared to oral suspension.

This study found that dual-frequency ultrasound with microbubble cavitation significantly enhanced minoxidil delivery and hair growth in both lab and animal models compared to single-frequency ultrasound, without damaging the skin in mice.

In this study, researchers applied Strat-M® membrane to assess the in vitro transdermal properties of collagen peptides, finding a high correlation with results from mouse skin and suggesting that Strat-M® can effectively replace excised mouse skin in transdermal experiments.

This review discusses various nanoparticles and nanoemulsions being investigated for transdermal drug delivery and reports no clinical results; it highlights potential applications in treating alopecia, wound healing, psoriasis, and melanoma.

This review discusses various strategies to enhance drug delivery through the skin barrier, highlighting liposomes as promising carriers for increased dermal concentrations in topical therapies, but reports no new research results.