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This case report found that dupilumab treatment in a 5-year-old with prurigo nodularis considerably reduced her itch severity and nearly cleared the skin lesions after six months.

This study found that reduced expression of CD200R1 on monocyte-derived macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis patients was significantly associated with higher disease severity and an imbalance in Th17/Treg cells.

This study systematically reviewed literature on paradoxical reactions during biologic treatments for psoriasis, identifying immune dysregulation mechanisms and diverse clinical manifestations, highlighting that mild cases often respond well to topical treatments, while severe cases may require switching to different IL-23 inhibitors.

This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

This review discusses immune pathways involved in alopecia areata and explores emerging, more targeted therapeutic strategies, noting their potential for better safety and effectiveness compared to traditional immune suppressants.

This study suggests that frontal fibrosing alopecia is a highly inflammatory disease involving TH1 and JAK-STAT pathways, without reduced hair keratins, highlighting JAK-STAT signaling as a potential therapeutic target.

Alopecia areata severity is linked to increased TH1 and TH2 activity.

In this study, researchers developed a mouse model of scarring alopecia and observed significant reductions in CD200R expression in affected skin, potentially linking this signaling pathway to immune attacks on hair follicles and suggesting new treatment targets for scarring hair loss.

This study found that local injections of interleukin-4 and neutralizing anti-interferon-γ antibody effectively treated alopecia in a mouse model, suggesting potential therapeutic pathways for human alopecia areata.

In this study, IFN-γ-stimulated iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles improved atopic dermatitis in mice by reducing Th2 cytokine activity, suppressing inflammation, and restoring skin barrier function, as evidenced by decreased itching and inflammatory markers.

This study found that atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis increase the risk of developing alopecia areata, suggesting a significant role for T cell-related inflammation in the condition's mechanism.

This study found IL-17/IL-36 signaling to be predominant in both endotypes of Netherton syndrome, with distinct molecular profiles between NS-ILC and NS-SE lesions, offering potential therapeutic targets.

This study found that carbonic anhydrase II was significantly upregulated in human keratinocytes when treated with toll-like receptor 3 agonist and Th2 cytokines, suggesting its potential role in inflammatory skin conditions.

This research discusses the complex immune pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights the success of Jak inhibitors and IL-4Rα antagonists, while IL-17A and PDE4 inhibitors showed limited efficacy; controlled trials are advocated to better understand cytokine involvement.

This study found that FZD2 is crucial for hair follicle formation and postnatal growth in mice and has a novel role in regulating early epidermal development, including stratification and cornification.

This study identified distinct immune differences in patients with alopecia areata, particularly those with atopic backgrounds, and highlighted the OX40 axis as a potential therapeutic target for the condition.

This study found that genetic variants linked to hypothyroidism significantly increased the risk of developing alopecia areata, suggesting a causative connection between the two conditions.

Alopecia totalis/universalis involves more intense immune activity and inflammation than patchy alopecia areata.

In this study involving a murine skin infection model, researchers found that the Trichophyton mentagrophytes strain TIMM 2789, specific to rodents, induced typical symptoms of superficial dermatophytosis, while revealing that the fungal gene SUB6 is not essential for virulence.

In this study, CCCA patients were found to have higher odds of metabolic, autoimmune, atopic, and psychiatric comorbidities compared to matched controls.

This study found that patients with alopecia areata in Dubai experience significant disease and economic burdens, especially when comorbid with psychological conditions, despite frequent dermatologist consultations and topical steroid prescriptions.

Asthma may increase the risk of alopecia areata.

This study found that acne lesions and nonlesional skin in mild-to-moderate acne patients showed significant Th17-skewing and increased antimicrobials, suggesting systemic targets like IL-17/IL-23/IL-36 could be therapeutic.

This study found that both Th1 and Th2 cytokine markers were elevated in the serum and skin of patients with alopecia areata, with Th2 markers more closely linked to disease severity.

This review found that JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors, such as tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, led to symptom improvement in all observed atopic dermatitis cases, but responses were mixed for vitiligo and alopecia areata, with a generally mild safety profile reported.

This review discusses the potential of JAK inhibitors as a promising treatment strategy for alopecia areata, highlighting their mechanism and recent FDA approval based on clinical trial efficacy.

In this retrospective study, researchers found that baricitinib was effective for treating moderate to severe alopecia areata, with response rates in 24 patients comparable to existing real-world data, and no new safety concerns were identified.

This study summarizes how the IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and highlights that biologics targeting this pathway, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for these conditions.

This study observed that the NOTCH signaling pathway may contribute to the development of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by affecting epithelial cell changes, and inhibiting this pathway could prevent fibrosis in experimental models.

This study found that Punica granatum ethanolic leaf extract may alleviate skin fibrosis in rats by modulating inflammation-related pathways and reducing dermal alterations.