37 citations
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December 2021 in “Cells” This study found that dysregulation of systemic Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines is associated with alopecia areata, with specific cytokines linked to disease activity and treatment response.
2 citations
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August 2023 in “Molecules” This study found that a quinazoline derivative, SH-340, increased skin barrier-associated factors and inhibited TSLP expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in human primary keratinocytes, suggesting potential benefits for alleviating inflammation and improving skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis.
176 citations
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August 2015 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology” This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
This study concluded that Gushen Shengfa pills combined with Wuling capsules improved sleep quality and hair growth more effectively than compound glycyrrhizin and cystine tablets in patients with alopecia areata.
51 citations
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March 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review discusses the regulatory roles of type 2 alarmin cytokines in skin immunity, focusing on their implications in host defense, chronic inflammation, and cancer, but reports no new clinical results.
15 citations
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October 2022 in “Allergy” This study found that dupilumab treatment in alopecia areata significantly suppressed Th2-related markers and increased hair keratin levels, suggesting a potential role of Th2 cytokines in the disease's pathogenesis.
June 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This report describes a case of alopecia universalis successfully treated with tofacitinib, though it was associated with increased peripheral blood cytokine levels.
March 2005 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Higher levels of IL-1a and IL-1RA were found in severe alopecia areata cases.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that both Th1 and Th2 cytokine markers were elevated in the serum and skin of patients with alopecia areata, with Th2 markers more closely linked to disease severity.
25 citations
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December 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This study suggests that targeting specific immune pathways, such as IL-12/23 and Th2 cytokines, may offer new treatment options for alopecia areata, a T-cell-mediated disease without current mechanism-specific therapies.
1 citations
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January 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” In this study, researchers found that cytokine dysregulation linked to genetic background is present in both patients and healthy but genetically related individuals in two autoimmune skin diseases, Pemphigus vulgaris and Alopecia areata, suggesting that protective immune mechanisms may prevent disease manifestation in predisposed individuals.
58 citations
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July 2018 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology” Alopecia areata severity is linked to increased TH1 and TH2 activity.
2 citations
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November 2004 in “Blood” In this study, researchers reported that the Pinkie mutation in mice, affecting RXRa activity, leads to skewed Th1 development and suggests RXRa's role in Th2 differentiation, impacting immune responses.
1 citations
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April 2023 in “World Journal of Urology” In this study, researchers found that using a 5-α reductase inhibitor may reduce inflammation-related cytokines associated with T-helper cell 1 and T-helper cell 2 in prostate tissues after surgery, but it did not affect those related to Th17 cells.
3 citations
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October 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This research discusses the complex immune pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights the success of Jak inhibitors and IL-4Rα antagonists, while IL-17A and PDE4 inhibitors showed limited efficacy; controlled trials are advocated to better understand cytokine involvement.
31 citations
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February 2014 in “Inflammation Research” This study found that reduced expression of CD200R1 on monocyte-derived macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis patients was significantly associated with higher disease severity and an imbalance in Th17/Treg cells.
29 citations
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December 2022 in “Journal of Nanobiotechnology” In this study, IFN-γ-stimulated iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles improved atopic dermatitis in mice by reducing Th2 cytokine activity, suppressing inflammation, and restoring skin barrier function, as evidenced by decreased itching and inflammatory markers.
9 citations
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January 2018 in “Acta dermato-venereologica” This study found that carbonic anhydrase II was significantly upregulated in human keratinocytes when treated with toll-like receptor 3 agonist and Th2 cytokines, suggesting its potential role in inflammatory skin conditions.
3 citations
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September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review discusses the complex role of immune disturbances and the JAK-STAT pathway in alopecia areata, noting the success of JAK inhibitors in treatment, while highlighting ongoing debates and challenges in targeting other pathways like IL-17 and TNF-α.
1 citations
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June 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This study found that total serum IgE levels were elevated in patients with alopecia areata compared to controls, suggesting a possible involvement of IgE and Th2 cytokines in its pathogenesis.
1 citations
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April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that FZD2 is crucial for hair follicle formation and postnatal growth in mice and has a novel role in regulating early epidermal development, including stratification and cornification.
March 2026 in “Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)” This study observed an association between intense itching in anterior chest keloids and an increased density of nerve fibers in the epidermis, alongside elevated expression of the pruritus mediator substance P, though no difference was found in Langerhans cells related to pruritus, location, or region.
December 2025 in “Mycoses” In this study involving a murine skin infection model, researchers found that the Trichophyton mentagrophytes strain TIMM 2789, specific to rodents, induced typical symptoms of superficial dermatophytosis, while revealing that the fungal gene SUB6 is not essential for virulence.
August 2025 in “Scientific Reports” In this study, researchers observed that intractable pruritus in anterior chest keloid lesions is linked to increased intraepidermal nerve fibre density and elevated expression of substance P, without differences in Langerhans cells across different keloid regions.
April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that CD1a-restricted CD4+ T cells responsive to lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol were more frequent in the blood of atopic dermatitis patients, suggesting a potential role in the disease's Th2-mediated pathology.
January 2020 in “Der Pharmacia Lettre” This review discusses natural remedies and nanoparticle formulations for alopecia management and reports no new clinical results, emphasizing potential benefits of herbal treatments over synthetic therapies.
40 citations
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December 2012 in “PLoS ONE” This study found that selective deletion of Ctip2 in epidermal keratinocytes in adult mice leads to atopic dermatitis-like inflammation and suggests Ctip2 plays a crucial role in skin barrier maintenance and inflammatory regulation.
30 citations
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May 2016 in “Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy” This review discusses immune pathways involved in alopecia areata and explores emerging, more targeted therapeutic strategies, noting their potential for better safety and effectiveness compared to traditional immune suppressants.
4 citations
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October 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” In this study, topical naringin was found to significantly improve dermatitis severity and reduce inflammatory markers in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for this condition.
September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review examines the interconnected processes of atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata, highlighting shared immune imbalances, genetic factors, and microbiome influences, while analyzing current and emerging treatments and identifying gaps in understanding these overlapping conditions.