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More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.

Using focused ultrasound on the brain can help epilepsy medicine work better in rats.

Long-term use of androgens can help manage Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) but may cause serious side effects, so alternative treatments with fewer side effects are being considered.

Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D2 Synthase (L-PGDS) is a protein that plays many roles in the body, including sleep regulation, pain management, food intake, and protection against harmful substances. It also affects fat metabolism, glucose intolerance, cell maturation, and is involved in various diseases like diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. It can influence sex organ development and embryonic cell differentiation, and its levels can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

The 2024 guideline updates recommendations for genetic testing, imaging, and sperm retrieval in male infertility.

Triple Hormonal Blockade (ADT3) can effectively manage prostate cancer but requires careful monitoring for heart risks.

The document explains how the male reproductive system works, its role in making testosterone, and how conditions like obesity can disrupt it, leading to low testosterone and fertility issues.

Spironolactone improved blood vessel function and cholesterol levels in non-obese women with PCOS.

Understanding how epigenetic regulation affects stem cells is key to cancer insights and new treatments.

Finasteride safely treats hair loss without harming hormones or reproduction, but may slightly reduce sexual function.

Cell transplantation faces challenges in genitourinary reconstruction, but alternative tissue sources and microencapsulation show promise.

A 24-month-old Nigerian girl developed early puberty with no family history, needing treatment her family couldn't afford.

Anabolic steroids can build muscle and strength but have risks and need more research on their clinical benefits and side effects.

Human skin can make serotonin and melatonin, which help protect and maintain it.

Hormone treatments for transgender individuals generally improve mental health and physical transition, with some health risks that require medical supervision.

Minoxidil with propranolol and diuretics lowers blood pressure but causes fluid retention and hair growth.

Male pattern baldness involves smaller hair follicles, larger oil glands, and other tissue changes, but not major blood supply issues.

Genetics and hormones play a role in male and female hair loss, but more research is needed to fully understand it.

Some common medications can harm male fertility, but many effects can be reversed.

New treatments for male hypogonadism are effective and should be personalized.

New genes and pathways are important for testosterone production and male sexual development.

Cancer can hijack the body's cell repair system to promote tumor growth, and targeting this process may improve cancer treatments.

5α reductase inhibitors treat hair loss but may cause sexual side effects and risks.

Some Middle Eastern plants may help treat diabetes and could be alternatives to current drugs, but more research is needed.

Some skin medications can harm male fertility, but they don't seem to cause birth defects from father's exposure.

Hormones and genes affect hair growth and male baldness.

Finasteride can cause muscle pain and high creatine kinase levels, but stopping the medication may resolve symptoms.

Finasteride changes antioxidant enzyme expression, possibly affecting sperm protection in rats.

The document concludes that treating androgen excess needs patience, managing expectations is important, and many drugs used are not officially approved, suggesting cosmetic options for mild cases.

KLF4 is important for maintaining stem cells and has potential in cancer treatment and wound healing.