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GlossaryS100 Proteins (S100)

calcium-binding proteins involved in cell regulation and signaling

S100 Proteins are a family of calcium-binding proteins involved in various intracellular and extracellular functions, such as regulation of protein phosphorylation, enzyme activities, and cell growth and differentiation. They are implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions, making them significant both in basic biological research and clinical diagnostics.

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Expression of Calcium-Binding S100 Proteins A4 and A6 in Regions of the Epithelial Sac Associated with the Onset of Hair Follicle Regeneration

research Expression of Calcium-Binding S100 Proteins A4 and A6 in Regions of the Epithelial Sac Associated with the Onset of Hair Follicle Regeneration

72 citations, June 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

S100A4 and S100A6 proteins may activate stem cells for hair follicle regeneration and could be potential targets for hair loss treatments.

research Specific Citrullination Causes Assembly of a Globular S100A3 Homotetramer

62 citations, December 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

A specific chemical change in the S100A3 protein leads to the formation of a four-part structure important for hair formation.

research Significance of the S100A4 Protein in Psoriasis

45 citations, July 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The S100A4 protein is more common in psoriatic skin and could be a target for treating psoriasis.

research Gene Expression of Mouse S100A3, a Cysteine-Rich Calcium-Binding Protein, in Developing Hair Follicle

40 citations, November 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

S100A3 protein is crucial for hair shaft formation in mice.

research Characterization of the Cysteine-Rich Calcium-Binding S100A3 Protein from Human Hair Cuticles

17 citations, December 2002 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications”

Scientists found out how a specific protein in human hair cuticles behaves and is structured.

research Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Promote S100A3 Citrullination in Cultured SW480 Cells and Isolated Hair Follicles

4 citations, January 2017 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin”

Inhibiting ALOX12 can help hair cuticle maturation by increasing S100A3 citrullination.

research Blockade of S100A3 Activity Inhibits Murine Hair Growth

1 citations, January 2015 in “Genetics and Molecular Research”

Stopping S100A3 activity slows down hair growth in mice.

research Upregulation of SERPINB3/B4 and S100A7-9 in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa

September 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Certain proteins are significantly increased in the skin of people with hidradenitis suppurativa.

research Trichohyalin-Like Proteins Have Evolutionarily Conserved Roles in the Morphogenesis of Skin Appendages

68 citations, April 2014 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Trichohyalin-like proteins are essential for the development of skin structures like hair, nails, and feathers.

research Novel In Vitro Culture Condition Improves the Stemness of Human Dermal Stem/Progenitor Cells

18 citations, November 2013 in “Molecules and Cells”

New culture method keeps human skin stem cells more stem-like.

research Laminin 332 Is Indispensable for Homeostatic Epidermal Differentiation Programs

12 citations, May 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Laminin 332 is essential for normal skin cell behavior and structure.

research Enrichment and Characterization of Human Dermal Stem/Progenitor Cells by Intracellular Granularity

10 citations, January 2013 in “Stem Cells and Development”

Scientists identified a unique type of human skin stem cell that could help with tissue repair.

research Desmoplastic Melanoma Presenting as Primary Alopecia Neoplastica: A Report of Two Cases

8 citations, June 2016 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Two women were diagnosed with a rare melanoma that looked like hair loss but was actually a type of skin cancer.

research Differentiation of Nestin-Negative Human Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cells Into Neurons In Vitro

5 citations, January 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Human hair follicle cells can be turned into neural stem cell-like cells, which might help treat brain diseases.

research Advances in Molecular Pathogenesis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Dysregulated Keratins and ECM Signaling

5 citations, February 2022 in “Seminars in cell & developmental biology”

Recent findings suggest that genetic factors, immune system issues, and skin cell defects might contribute to the development of hidradenitis suppurativa.

research The Pathological Culprit of Neuropathic Skin Pain in Long COVID-19 Patients: A Case Series

5 citations, July 2022 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine”

Long COVID-19 patients with skin pain might have a nerve condition that responds to a medication called gabapentin.

research 3D-SeboSkin Model for Human Ex Vivo Studies of Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa

4 citations, June 2021 in “Dermatology”

Scientists created a 3D skin model to study a chronic skin disease and test treatments.

Construction of Regulatory Network for Alopecia Areata Progression and Identification of Immune Monitoring Genes Based on Multiple Machine-Learning Algorithms

research Construction of Regulatory Network for Alopecia Areata Progression and Identification of Immune Monitoring Genes Based on Multiple Machine-Learning Algorithms

3 citations, May 2023 in “Precision clinical medicine”

Researchers found four genes that could help diagnose severe alopecia areata early.

research Molecular Profiling of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Reveals TH1 and JAK-STAT Up-Regulation with No Suppression of Hair Keratins

2 citations, April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Frontal fibrosing alopecia shows increased inflammation and JAK-STAT pathway activity without reduced hair proteins.

research Decades of Progressive Red and Yellow Nodules

November 2011

A 72-year-old man was diagnosed with a rare skin form of Rosai-Dorfman disease after years of misdiagnosis.

research Folliculosebaceous Cystic Hamartoma With Spindle Cell Lipomatous And Neural Components

June 2023 in “Dermatopathology”

A woman had a unique skin growth with hair follicle, oil glands, fat cells, spindle cells, and nerve fibers.

Skin Organoids Derived From NCSTN Mutated Patient-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate Hidradenitis Suppurativa Pathogenic Hallmarks

research Skin Organoids Derived From NCSTN Mutated Patient-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate Hidradenitis Suppurativa Pathogenic Hallmarks

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Skin organoids with NCSTN mutation show changes in hair follicle development and higher inflammation, key features of Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

research 4-Aminopyridine Promotes Accelerated Skin Wound Healing via Neurogenic-Mediator Expression

March 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

4-aminopyridine, a FDA-approved drug, speeds up skin wound healing and tissue regeneration.

research 3D-SeboSkin Model Application in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The 3D-SeboSkin model effectively simulates Hidradenitis suppurativa and is useful for future research.

research CDK9 Kinase Activation in Association with AFF1-SEC Initiates Epidermal Progenitor Differentiation

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

NCSTN gene mutation causes abnormal skin cell differentiation and more inflammation, contributing to Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

research Pattern of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Among Nigerians

49 citations, February 2009 in “Clinical Rheumatology”

SLE is more common among Nigerians than previously thought, especially in women, requiring early treatment.

research Recovery of Nail Dystrophy: Potential New Therapeutic Indication of Tofacitinib

13 citations, February 2017 in “Clinical rheumatology”

Tofacitinib may help treat nail dystrophy, especially when other treatments fail.

research General Adverse Response to Cyclophosphamide in Chinese Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Recent Decade: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

11 citations, July 2014 in “Clinical Rheumatology”

Cyclophosphamide often causes gastrointestinal issues, hair loss, and low blood cell counts in Chinese patients with autoimmune diseases.

research Alopecia and Techniques in Hair Restoration: An Overview for the Cosmetic Surgeon

5 citations, February 2019 in “Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery”

Hair loss can be reversed or even cured using advanced hair restoration techniques, with rare complications like swelling and bleeding.

research Clinical Efficacy of Catgut Embedment Combined with Moxibustion and Bloodletting in the Treatment of Androgenic Alopecia

2 citations, March 2015 in “World journal of acupuncture-moxibustion”

Traditional Chinese medicine techniques like catgut embedment, moxibustion, and bloodletting showed better results for treating hair loss than the drug finasteride.