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Microglia, the brain's immune cells, may contribute to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by altering the female brain's structure and function, with kisspeptin neurons and GABA neurotransmitters also playing a role.

The 2003 consensus updated PCOS diagnosis criteria and linked PCOS to higher risks of diabetes and heart problems, recommending lifestyle changes to lower these risks.

Polycystic ovary syndrome affects about 6-10% of women, with varying symptoms and the need for standardized global definitions.

Experts recommend using evidence-based methods to diagnose and treat hirsutism, focusing on symptoms and underlying causes.

The modified Ferriman-Gallwey method is a useful tool for diagnosing hirsutism.

Women with the NIH type of PCOS have more obesity and higher risk of diabetes and heart disease than those with other types of PCOS.

PCOS is common among Chinese women of reproductive age and linked to serious metabolic and reproductive issues, especially in obese women.

Adding anti-Müllerian hormone to PCOS criteria lowers the number of women diagnosed.

Women with PCOS are more likely to have impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, especially if they are Asian or obese.

Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.

Women with PCOS and higher androgen levels are more likely to have fatty liver disease.

The update highlights that non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is common in women with excess male hormones, requires specific hormone tests for diagnosis, and has various treatment options depending on age and symptoms.

South Asian women with PCOS are more likely to have metabolic issues and central obesity, and simple measures like waist size and blood pressure can help identify these risks early.

Insufficient androgen action in male fetuses can cause genital development issues due to genetic mutations or environmental chemicals.

Metformin improves quality of life, emotional health, and sex life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Mouflon rams mature gradually with changes in body, horns, and hormones linked to age and seasons, reaching full sexual maturity well after puberty.

New hormonal contraceptives are safer, have fewer side effects, and offer health benefits for women.

Women with PCOS may take longer to get pregnant but can have a normal family size, and should manage their overall health to reduce long-term health risks.

Women with irregular periods and/or excessive body hair are more likely to have polycystic ovaries, and this condition is linked to higher health risks.

Women with PCOS who have low SHBG are more likely to have low good cholesterol and metabolic syndrome.

Many young women who donate blood have hormonal disorders like excess male hormones and PCOS.

Women with PCOS have fewer activated T cells in their ovarian follicles, which might affect fertility.

The review recommends hormone replacement therapy for women with premature ovarian insufficiency to manage symptoms and protect health, with specific approaches for different groups.

Young Czech women with PCOS have a higher risk of heart problems and should be regularly checked for cholesterol and glucose issues.

Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.

Products should be called 'sperm-safe' only after thorough, well-designed tests.

Hormone therapy for excessive hair growth is as good with GnRHa as with high-dose CPA, but GnRHa has longer-lasting results.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have a longer distance between the clitoris and anus.

Certain genetic variations in the SHBG gene are linked to an increased or decreased risk of PCOS in Mediterranean women.

The document suggests that clinical trials for PCOS should focus on meaningful primary outcomes like live birth rates, rather than less reliable surrogate markers.