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This study found that mouse and human protransglutaminase 3 enzymes require calcium-regulated activation for their role in later stages of cell envelope formation in the epidermis and hair follicle.

This research found that the transfer reaction catalyzed by human plasma and guinea pig hair follicle transglutaminases aligns with a ping-pong mechanism involving peptide-bound glutamine.

This study found that a unique transglutaminase in guinea pig hair-follicles, distinct from liver transglutaminase, likely plays a role in forming protein cross-links via ε(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds.

This study reports that human epidermal transglutaminase activity increases with treatment using organic solvents and chemicals without significant molecular weight changes, which may allow modulation of the enzyme in skin diseases.

In this study, researchers found that follicular and epidermal transglutaminases are biochemically and immunologically distinct, suggesting the possibility of selectively modifying hair or epidermal proteins.

This study purified a transglutaminase enzyme from human epidermis that requires calcium or strontium for activity and forms cross-linked polymers, but its detailed activation mechanism remains unclear.

This study found no conclusive evidence of biocatalytic activity of guinea pig liver transglutaminase with virgin human hair, potentially due to a fatty acid layer on the hair surface.

In this study, sequences upstream of the TGM3 gene were found to regulate epithelial-specific gene expression in keratinocytes, suggesting potential applications in gene therapy.

This study reveals that transglutaminase activity is widespread in integumentary structures of mammals and birds, suggesting it plays a significant role in the cornification of hard skin appendages like nails and feathers.

In this study, applying the microbial enzyme transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis to damaged hair increased its tensile strength by 15.64%, suggesting potential benefits in repairing shampoo-induced damage and improving hair luster.

In this study, researchers identified a highly reactive, isozyme-specific sequence for TGase 3, contributing to understanding its distinct functional role and activity distribution in the mouse epidermis.

This study suggests that TGase 3 may contribute to hair fiber scaffolding by forming specific isopeptide bonds between keratin intermediate filaments and keratin-associated proteins.

This study found that both types of sheep hair follicle transglutaminases were calcium-dependent, contradicting earlier reports of calcium independence in this enzyme.

TG5 helps maintain hair follicle health, while TG3 aids in hair shaft development.

This review discusses the role of TGM3 in skin and hair follicle biology, human tumor pathology, and genetic abnormalities, and reports no novel results; the authors highlight its potential as a cancer diagnostic biomarker.

Transamidases are present in the epidermis but their exact role is unclear.

In this study, the researchers found that the absence of the NFI-C transcription factor delayed the hair growth cycle in mice by affecting key gene expressions and signaling pathways.

In this study, the disruption of Gh/tissue transglutaminase in mice did not affect viability but reduced thymocyte viability and fibroblast adhesion, suggesting its role in cell stabilization and extracellular matrix interactions.

In this study, combined treatment with transglutaminase and keratin significantly repaired damaged hair by improving its structural properties, reducing swelling, and enhancing crosslink activities, as evidenced by microscopy and spectroscopy analyses.

This study investigated the formation of a specific chemical crosslink in hair proteins and explored the role of transamidase enzymes in hair follicles.

The researchers reported that TGM2 appears to play a crucial role in sebocyte differentiation and may act as a negative regulator of lipid metabolism in sebaceous glands.

In this study, the researchers observed significant down-regulation of Transglutaminase-3 expression in esophageal cancer tissues compared to normal tissues, suggesting its alteration is a common event in esophageal cancer development.

Specific cross-linkages help make hair proteins stable and strong.

This case report describes a 12-year-old boy with severe skin scaling due to novel compound heterozygous null truncation mutations in the TGM1 gene, resulting in loss of transglutaminase 1 activity.