June 2025 in “Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research” In this study, the NADES extract of mangkokan leaves (Polyscias scutellaria) demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with a total flavonoid content measured at 4.944 mgEQ/gSimplisia using the disc diffusion method.
April 2025 in “International Journal of Health Sciences” This study reports that Polyscias scutellaria exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties, suggesting potential therapeutic uses in various health applications.
March 2025 in “Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research” In this study involving male mice, Mangkokan leaf extract (Polyscias scutellaria) at a 7% concentration was found to heal incision wounds faster compared to 3% and 5% concentrations.
This study evaluated formulations of a nanoemulsion with mangkokan leaves extract and candlenut oil, predicting its effectiveness for enhancing hair growth in male Sprague Dawley rats, with nanoemulsions showing assumed stable physical characteristics after two weeks.
January 2022 in “JPK Jurnal Proteksi Kesehatan” This study found that the ethanol extract of mangkokan leaf (Polyscias scutellarium) demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with higher concentrations showing greater inhibition zones, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus.
March 2023 in “Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento” In this study, herbal hair tonic made from Usada Bali ingredients significantly increased hair growth in mice without causing skin irritation compared to a negative control.
June 2025 in “Pharmacon Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia” This systematic review found that mangkokan leaf formulations, especially ethosomal gel or phytosome lotion at 25% concentration, were most effective in stimulating hair growth and improving hair health through various biological mechanisms.
December 2025 in “Bioscientist Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi” In this study, researchers developed an optimized formulation of a traditional ethnomedicinal recipe from East Nusa Tenggara, which demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and significantly enhanced hair growth in a mouse alopecia model, compared to control groups.
4 citations
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August 2023 in “Italian Journal of Food Science” This study found that pretreatment combining maceration with press-shear force and moist heat significantly increased the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in galactagogue herbs like banana inflorescences and Thai ginger.
1 citations
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May 2023 in “Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal)” This study explored the traditional use of 18 plant-based remedies by the Amarasi people in Indonesia for treating dandruff and hair loss, detailing plant types, parts used, and processing methods, highlighting their potential as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness treatments.
1 citations
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July 2022 in “Bandung Conference Series. Pharmacy” This study found that a hair tonic formulation using candlenut oil as an active ingredient could significantly promote hair growth in rabbits, achieving 29.77 mm in 22 days.
1 citations
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December 2019 in “JURNAL BIOSAINS” This study evaluated krokot extract as a hair tonic and found it to be microbiologically safe, effective at extending and increasing hair weight, non-irritating, and generally well-received in terms of aroma and color when tested on rabbits.
April 2025 in “Jurnal Analis Farmasi” This study evaluated hair tonic formulations containing Ambon banana peel extract and found that the preparation, particularly at an 8% concentration, significantly promoted hair growth compared to other formulations, though it still differed from the control group's effectiveness.
October 2023 in “Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy)” This study explored the ethnopharmacological use of traditional plants by the Amarasi community in Indonesia for treating dandruff and hair loss, identifying 18 plants with potential anti-dandruff and hair-nourishing properties used by local healers for scalp care.
June 2023 in “MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana)” This systematic literature review identified kale leaf hair tonic (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) at 5% concentration as an effective herbal cosmeceutical preparation for enhancing hair growth, showing an average increase in hair length over 21 days, while meeting established pharmaceutical standards.
May 2023 in “Pharma xplore : jurnal sains dan ilmu farmasi” In an animal study, researchers found that a hair tonic containing a 1:1 ratio of kelor and rambutan leaf extracts led to similar hair growth in rabbits compared to a minoxidil control, with average hair lengths of 3 cm versus 2.025 cm, respectively.
January 2022 in “Healthy Tadulako Journal” This study found no difference in the physical stability of hair tonic preparations made from sansevieria leaves extract, regardless of whether maceration or soxhletation methods were used.
April 2025 in “Mutiara Jurnal Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah” In this study of Beauty and Aesthetics students, researchers found that using a hair tonic made from Green Spinach Leaves significantly reduced hair loss when applied weekly, compared to a control, but no significant difference was observed when increasing application to twice weekly.
December 2021 in “Ad-Dawaa' Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study concluded that hair tonic formulations using extracts of green tea leaves, celery leaves, or their combination can effectively promote hair growth in guinea pigs, with the fastest growth seen using a 2.5% green tea to 7.5% celery leaf extract ratio.
January 2021 in “Indonesian Journal on Medical Science” This study concluded that a hair tonic combining aloe vera and celery extracts can be formulated, with formula 1 meeting the stability requirements best over a month.
7 citations
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August 2020 in “Majalah Farmasetika” This review concluded that a herbal hair tonic formulated with 2.5% green tea leaf extract, in combination with specific solvents and additives, showed the best properties for stimulating hair growth.
In this study, clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo at 15% concentration effectively promoted hair growth in male white rats, though it was less effective than 5% minoxidil.
February 2024 in “International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical” In this study, Avemor, a tonic containing aloe vera and moringa oleifera, along with varying concentrations of dried moringa leaf extracts, was tested on rabbits for hair growth, but the results showed variable effectiveness compared to a minoxidil control.
September 2020 in “Pharmauho/Pharmauho : Jurnal Farmasi, Sains dan Kesehatan” This study concluded that hair tonic formulated with galangal rhizome and Aloe vera extract was stable according to the Indonesian National Standard, showing consistent organoleptic, pH, and viscosity characteristics after stability testing.
1 citations
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January 2006 in “Maia-rivista Di Letterature Classiche” This review discusses the bioactive compounds and biological activities of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and highlights concerns about its hepatotoxicity, but reports no new clinical results.
27 citations
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February 2014 in “Planta Medica” This study found that Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its main component baicalin inhibited androgen activation signaling and promoted proliferation of human dermal papilla cells, suggesting potential use in treating androgen-associated disorders.
4 citations
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January 2020 2 citations
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May 2020 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Hair shaft changes may be linked to CCCA, but their role is unclear.
2 citations
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August 2010 in “Journal of Scientific Research” This study provides detailed macro and microscopical observations of Tridax procumbens Linn. leaf, which could aid in its identification.
4 citations
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December 2022 in “Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine” This study found that phenolic compounds from Quercus acutissima, particularly casuarinin, showed strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiacne effects in mouse macrophage cells, suggesting potential therapeutic candidates for acne.