December 2025 in “Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases” This study found that in patients with non-cicatricial alopecia, hair follicles and their sheaths were thinner compared to controls, especially in cases of alopecia areata and telogen effluvium, with notable thinning beginning in the subcutaneous fat tissue.
November 1993 in “PubMed” This article reviews the role of androgens in skin metabolism and diseases like acne and androgenic alopecia, but reports no new clinical results; the authors note unresolved issues regarding androgen interactions in skin structures.
30 citations
,
April 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology” This review discusses the historical development and current challenges in in vitro hair follicle culture, highlighting a need for advanced models using cell lines and tissue engineering, and reports no new results.
43 citations
,
November 2018 in “Nature Communications” This genome-wide association study identified 20 genetic signals at 15 risk loci related to severe acne, revealing new insights into its genetic predisposition, particularly affecting skin structure and maintenance.
21 citations
,
May 2001 in “PubMed” This paper reviews the significance of androgen hormones in hair and skin conditions like alopecia, hirsutism, and acne, and reports no new clinical findings.
January 2003 in “Elsevier eBooks” Androgens and other hormones affect hair growth and skin conditions like acne.
205 citations
,
April 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study describes a system for generating hair follicles from dissociated cells in mice, suggesting that successful development requires a foundational epithelial platform.
142 citations
,
January 2010 in “Journal of dermatological science” This review covers follicle-targeting drug delivery systems, exploring their potential for improving localized and systemic therapies, and highlights the need for further research into follicle penetration mechanisms.
142 citations
,
June 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This workshop overview concluded that follicular epithelial stem cells are multipotent and located in the bulge region of hair follicles, contributing to hair, epidermis, and sebaceous gland formation.
130 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This study found that estrogen receptor beta, not alpha, is the main mediator of estrogen action in human skin and hair follicles, suggesting a distinct role in these tissues.
111 citations
,
April 2000 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” In this study, physiological levels of free T3 significantly enhanced the survival of human hair follicles in vitro.
97 citations
,
March 2009 in “Dermato-endocrinology” This review explores the role of hormones in pilosebaceous units and associated skin disorders, focusing on androgen action, without presenting new clinical findings.
75 citations
,
May 1986 in “Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism” This review explores how androgens and growth hormone influence the development of terminal hairs and sebaceous glands, attributing variability in hirsutism and acne to differing genetic sensitivities to androgens, but reports no new experimental data.
56 citations
,
August 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This review discusses the complex interaction between androgens and hair follicle biology, highlighting the need for a better understanding to improve hirsutism treatments, but reports no new results.
51 citations
,
August 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study demonstrated that cultured human dermal papilla cells can induce full hair follicle formation when combined with neonatal foreskin keratinocytes in a grafted dermal-epidermal construct on mice.
50 citations
,
September 2011 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids” This review examines the role of retinoic acid synthesis in hair follicles and sebaceous glands, focusing on its localization and function during normal and disease states, but reports no new results.
47 citations
,
July 2014 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” This study concluded that polymeric nanoparticles effectively targeted hair follicles for drug delivery, but the organogel formulation did not enhance their penetration into the hair shaft.
38 citations
,
November 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings” This article reviews the anatomical complexity and developmental aspects of hair follicles for analyzing abnormalities, but reports no new clinical findings.
36 citations
,
February 2018 in “British Journal of Dermatology” In this study, researchers found that eccrine sweat glands in human scalp skin are morphologically integrated into the pilosebaceous unit, suggesting they form a common homeostatic tissue environment with adjacent structures.
36 citations
,
April 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that canine bulge-derived keratinocytes are highly proliferative and can reconstitute pilosebaceous structures, indicating their potential utility in studying human stem cell biology and hair disorders.
34 citations
,
March 2004 in “Journal of Liposome Research” This study found that neutral liposomes were most effective at delivering minoxidil into pilosebaceous units compared to other tested formulations.
19 citations
,
March 2017 in “PLoS ONE” This study found that intact pilosebaceous units were more effective than truncated hair follicles at regenerating a multilayered epidermis in a de-epidermalized dermis in vitro.
16 citations
,
December 2006 in “Expert Review of Dermatology” This review discusses the multifaceted roles of hair follicles in skin health, including potential contributions to skin neoplasias, and reports no new results.
16 citations
,
November 2005 in “Journal of Clinical Pathology” This study found that CD1d is strongly expressed in human scalp skin and hair follicles, particularly in the anagen phase, suggesting a role in scalp immunology and potential implications for hair disorder treatment.
11 citations
,
January 2013 in “Methods in molecular biology” This study describes a method for labeling and tracking hair follicle stem cells in mouse skin using a Cre/lox recombination system with tamoxifen, providing insights into stem cell behavior and contribution to tissue regeneration.
9 citations
,
September 2013 in “Journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry/The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry” In this study, researchers found that the matriptase-HGF-c-MET pathway may be activated in proliferative cells of human hair follicles and sebaceous glands, suggesting a potential role in hair growth regulation.
9 citations
,
January 2008 in “Acta histochemica et cytochemica” This study found that COX-2 expression in normal rat skin is linked to the hair cycle, with varying levels observed in different skin structures during anagen, catagen, and telogen phases.
7 citations
,
October 2017 in “Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology” This research observed that finasteride-loaded ethosomes showed improved permeation across rat skin and human cadaver scalp skin compared to unencapsulated finasteride, potentially enhancing delivery to hair follicle units.
7 citations
,
January 1992 in “Acta Histochemica” This study found that the distribution of carbohydrates and proteins in porcine hair follicles and sebaceous glands showed minor differences compared to humans.
2 citations
,
November 2003 in “Humana Press eBooks” This article explains the significance of culturing the pilosebaceous unit for studying related diseases and skin epithelial stem cells, but it reports no new findings.