31 citations
,
November 2003 in “Journal of Occupational Health” This study found that the reproductive function of female hairdressers may be negatively affected by long-term exposure to permanent-waving solutions containing thioglycolic acid, raising concerns about its potential carcinogenic effects.
November 2024 in “Biophysical Chemistry” This study analyzed the swelling behavior of human hair during permanent waving treatment, finding that both the microstructure and macrostructure of intermediate filaments swell simultaneously at the initial stage, and while partially destructed by reduction, they are considerably restored through oxidation.
8 citations
,
January 2009 in “Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan” This study found that CMAD wool keratin may protect human hair from damage during repeated bleaching and permanent waving treatments.
10 citations
,
January 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that thioglycolic acid molecules in hair treatments are primarily located in intrafibrillar unordered areas, where they redistribute disulfide bonds.
11 citations
,
August 2019 in “PubMed” This review discusses the causes, evaluation, and treatment options for hirsutism in women, but reports no new clinical results.
May 2013 in “CRC Press eBooks” This review discusses laser hair removal, its scientific background, and treatment optimization but reports no new experimental findings.
3 citations
,
February 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that hirsutism in females with facial hair causes significant psychosocial impact and financial burden, with laser therapy being notably costly compared to other treatments.
1 citations
,
January 2025 in “JAAD reviews.” This review from JAAD Reviews provides a comprehensive overview of hypertrichosis, discussing its diagnosis, treatment options like topical and laser therapies, and special psychosocial considerations for pediatric patients to better support clinicians and researchers in managing this condition.
20 citations
,
July 1988 in “Clinics in dermatology” This article reviews the current practices and interpretations of research data on permanent waving and hair straightening, but does not present any new research findings.
18 citations
,
January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study observed that repeated perm treatments decrease disulfide bonds in hair due to their conversion largely into cysteic acid, affecting the waving efficiency depending on the reduction agent used.
70 citations
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June 1998 in “Polymer” This study found that permanent waving treatment partially disrupts the α-helical structure in human hair microfibrils, primarily during the initial reduction phase, rather than just affecting disulphide bonds.
37 citations
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October 2015 in “PeerJ” This study found that shampoo and conditioner do not alter hair's molecular structure, while perming treatments significantly affect keratin and intermediate filament structures due to bond alterations.
January 2013 in “Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan” In this study, carboxymethylalanyl disulfide keratin was shown to effectively prevent hair damage during repeated bleaching and permanent waving treatments.
9 citations
,
June 1947 in “Analytical Chemistry” Cold waving solutions quickly reduce cystine to cysteine in hair.
4 citations
,
August 2014 in “Journal of molecular structure” In this study, the authors concluded that a hydrolyzed eggwhite protein treatment promoted the reconnection of disulfide bonds in excessively bleached hair, after reduction and oxidation processes in permanent waving.
3 citations
,
January 2007 in “Journal of health science” This study found that an enzymatic method effectively identified chemical treatments like perming and dyeing by detecting higher degradation in treated hair compared to untreated hair.
45 citations
,
December 2006 in “Biopolymers” This study found that permanent waving treatment induces structural changes in the cortex proteins of white human hair, significantly reducing its tensile strength without altering the S-S band intensity.
January 2013 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study found that microfibrils play a crucial role in shaping permanent waves by thioglycolic acid, and treating damaged hair with hydrolyzed keratin improved both waving efficiency and hair damage.
13 citations
,
September 2017 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that waving virgin human hair with thioglycerol at pH 9.0 using ammonia solution caused less damage than using thioglycolic acid, while maintaining good waving efficiency.
72 citations
,
July 2003 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology” This review discusses the psychological importance of hair and explores how various hair cosmetics can affect hair health, emphasizing that certain products can lead to acute hair problems when repeatedly altering the natural style.
16 citations
,
October 2003 in “Journal of applied polymer science” This study found that chemically modifying hair with 2-iminothiorane hydrochloride improved the permanence of hair setting without damaging the hair by increasing disulfide bonds.
1 citations
,
August 2013 in “Springer eBooks” Birth control pills and anti-androgen medications help manage hair growth, acne, and hair loss in women with PCOS.
August 1996 in “Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology” This article discusses the various manifestations and diagnostic challenges of polycystic ovarian syndrome and reviews its associated symptoms and clinical heterogeneity but reports no new clinical findings.
40 citations
,
February 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, hair damaged by permanent dye showed signs of recovery over time, with near complete restoration to its original state after eight weeks.
February 2026 in “Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology” This study found that the viscosity of silicone oil in hair treatments significantly affects wave curling performance and hair damage, with untreated and chemically treated hair showing different optimal viscosities.
3 citations
,
January 2009 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study found that using a bicomponent reduction system with TGA and DTDG for hair straightening limited hair damage by forming only thiol groups, while a TGA-only system formed more damaging mixed disulfide groups.
November 2025 in “Quality in Sport” This study reviews natural hair and scalp care methods, highlighting the importance of plant-derived ingredients and scalp type diagnostics for effective trichological management and optimal hair health.
19 citations
,
January 2007 in “Dermatology” This review discusses various aspects of unwanted facial hair, including its psychological impact and current treatment options, and reports no new clinical results from the satellite symposium at the EHRS Meeting.
4 citations
,
April 1999 in “Dermatologic Clinics” This study found that the long-pulsed ruby laser effectively delays hair growth and has the potential for permanent hair removal with minimal pain and side effects, offering an advantage over traditional hair removal methods.
4 citations
,
January 2007 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study found that permanent wave treatment accelerates hair degradation after protease exposure, showing significant morphological differences compared to untreated hair and linked to damage from Alpha-helical region denaturation.