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Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.

Small changes in hormones can significantly impact health, showing the importance of sensitive testing for chemicals that disrupt hormones.

Certain genetic variations are linked to increased androgen levels in PCOS, but more research is needed to understand these connections fully.

With careful management, people with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can have successful pregnancies and become parents.

The document concludes that careful design of genetic fate mapping experiments is crucial for accurate cell lineage tracing in mice.

The article concludes that the global hair trade is exploitative and reflects complex cultural and economic issues.

Testosterone therapy seems safe and effective for transgender men with proper care, but more long-term research is needed.

Women with PCOS have higher levels of AMH in their blood and follicles, and this can help predict their risk of overreaction to fertility treatments.

NcoA4 may have roles beyond helping control gene activity, possibly affecting cell behavior and stability.

Spironolactone harms fish reproduction and is more potent in fish than invertebrates, needing environmental monitoring.

The combination therapy improved PCOS symptoms in both obese and non-obese women, with weight loss in the obese group.

The spiny mouse is a unique menstruating rodent that can help us understand menstruation and reproductive disorders.

The study found that women with hyperandrogenic PCOS have higher levels of AKT1 and AKT2 proteins in their cells, which may lead to cell dysfunction.

Skin-derived stem cells can become various cell types, including germ cell-like and oocyte-like cells.

Castration and finasteride lower urinary oxalate in male rats, potentially treating urolithiasis.

Lack or blocking of SRD5a, a key component in hormone creation, can lead to conditions like pseudohermaphrodism and affect hair growth, bone mass, muscle strength, and reproductive health. More research is needed on its regulation from fertilization to adulthood.

Cross-sex hormone therapy is important for managing gender dysphoria and requires careful monitoring and healthcare provider education.

FoxN1 gene is essential for proper thymus structure and preventing hair loss.

Amenorrhea, or the absence of periods, should be evaluated by age 15 or within five years of early breast development, and is most commonly caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Lifestyle changes are the first step in treating infertility in PCOS, followed by medications like clomiphene and metformin, and then surgery if needed.

Unwanted facial hair significantly impacts over 40% of women's psychological and social well-being, and various treatment options are available.

The research suggests that the ZP4 gene is linked to egg development in women with PCOS but requires more study to understand its role in infertility.

Finasteride exposure harms tadpole reproduction and hormone balance.

Estrogen increases blood vessel growth factor production, while testosterone blocks this increase.

Melatonin-loaded nanocarriers improve melatonin delivery and effectiveness for various medical treatments.

COVID-19 may harm male fertility and damage the reproductive system.

Early medical support for transgender youth is important for their health, with low regret for gender-affirming hormone use and a need for knowledgeable care providers.

Researchers used CRISPR/Cas9 to create a goat with a gene that increased cashmere production by 74.5% without affecting quality.

New markers and pathways have been found in skin tumors, helping better understand and diagnose them.

Overexpressing Tβ4 in goats' hair follicles increases cashmere production and hair follicle growth.