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3D bioprinting is advancing in plastic and reconstructive surgery, especially for creating tissues and improving surgical planning, but faces challenges like vascularization and material development.

Local flaps are effective for covering small to large scalp and forehead defects with good cosmetic results.

Composite flaps are better than muscle-only flaps for long-term skull coverage.

Muscle-only free flaps for skull coverage have more long-term complications than composite flaps.

Hair transplants onto a scalp reconstruction flap improved appearance successfully.

The article concludes that cranial reconstruction should aim for the best aesthetic result, using various techniques tailored to individual needs and conditions.

Understanding scalp anatomy is crucial for successful and safe scalp surgery.

Understanding the scalp's five-layer structure is crucial for better surgical outcomes and fewer complications.

The skin is a complex barrier that protects the body, regulates temperature, and helps with immune responses.

Bariatric surgery affects skin health, causing both direct complications and changes in existing skin conditions, often related to nutritional deficiencies.

Male pattern baldness is an unintended side effect of the body's use of androgens for muscle growth, especially in those genetically prone to it.

Surgical methods for hair loss are less common than hair transplants but still useful, especially for scarring hair loss.

Combining physical dermabrasion with chemical peeling is more effective for skin treatment than chemical peeling alone.

The conclusion is that closing scalp wounds is possible, but restoring hair without donor material is still a major challenge.

Future research should focus on making bioengineered skin that completely restores all skin functions.

Cell transplantation faces challenges in genitourinary reconstruction, but alternative tissue sources and microencapsulation show promise.

New materials and methods could improve skin healing and reduce scarring.

Some patients using cold caps to prevent hair loss from chemotherapy got mild scalp injuries similar to frostbite.

The pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap is a reliable and versatile option for reconstructive surgery in the head and neck area.

Improving artificial vascular grafts requires better materials and surface designs to reduce blood clotting and support blood vessel cell growth.

Organotypic culture systems can grow skin tissues that mimic real skin functions and are useful for skin disease and hair growth research, but they don't fully replicate skin complexity.

PRP treatment can safely improve short-term vision in acute NAION patients.

Bariatric surgery patients need careful before and after surgery care for safety and long-term health.

Treat pediatric skin issues with accurate diagnosis, multidisciplinary team, and various treatment options.

Radiation damages salivary glands by harming blood vessels, but antioxidants might help protect them.

Cells from the base of hair follicles help blood vessel cells survive and grow, which is important for healthy hair.

Sh-Polypeptide 9 may be better than minoxidil for hair growth and protection against damage.

Human dermal fibroblasts help microvascular endothelial cells grow, but not vice versa.

Improve skin paddle appearance after head and neck reconstruction using tissue expansion, rearrangement, and flaps.

Hair from the head was successfully used to restore pubic hair, with additional procedures suggested for more natural results.