117 citations
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November 2008 in “Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy” This review discusses the use of microemulsions for transdermal drug delivery and emphasizes the importance of component selection for enhancing drug permeation and skin tolerance, without reporting new clinical results.
24 citations
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May 2013 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This pilot study found that a multimodal minoxidil microemulsion with diclofenac and tea tree oil was more effective and safer than minoxidil alone for treating androgenic alopecia over 32 weeks.
23 citations
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March 2021 in “Gels” This study found that minoxidil solubilized in gelatin-containing microemulsions resulted in over 5% of the drug remaining in porcine skin, significantly more than the reference gel.
18 citations
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October 2019 in “Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that finasteride microemulsions significantly increased skin permeability in vitro, highlighting the potential for enhanced delivery of this drug through the skin.
14 citations
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January 2025 in “AAPS PharmSciTech” This review highlights the promising potential of microemulsions and nanoemulsions in (trans)dermal drug delivery, noting a gap in understanding their distinct mechanisms and composition-related effects on skin permeability, while emphasizing the limited clarity on mesostructures and cosolvent impacts.
9 citations
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November 2009 in “Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation” This review discusses various patent articles on microemulsion carriers in drug delivery systems and reports no new empirical findings.
7 citations
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October 2019 in “Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas” This study evaluated a microemulsion-based flushing fluid made with castor oil that effectively removed 84.85% of mud cake formed by drilling fluid, highlighting its Newtonian fluid behavior and high wettability inversion capability.
4 citations
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July 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that adapalene-loaded microemulsions significantly enhanced the drug's penetration through guinea pig skin compared to an aqueous suspension, with factors like surfactant ratios and the water-oil phase balance affecting the transfollicular drug delivery efficiency.
4 citations
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May 2022 in “Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that a melatonin-loaded microemulsion exhibited controlled release and significant stratum corneum deposition in ex vivo permeation tests, suggesting its potential for further evaluation in treating androgenic alopecia.
3 citations
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October 2014 in “Pharmaceutical Development and Technology” This study found that an optimized microemulsion for minoxidil with high solubility, permeation flux, and skin deposition can be achieved with specific low and high levels of certain surfactants and co-solvents.
This study found that incorporating Aloe vera and celery extract into water or oil microemulsions promoted hair growth in rats, with the water-in-oil formulation showing faster initial results.
3 citations
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October 2013 This study found that microemulsion and microemulsion-based hydrogels may offer a more effective and sustained topical delivery method for minoxidil compared to conventional solutions for hair loss treatment.
2 citations
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May 2023 in “Nanomaterials” This review explores the formulation, characterization, and applications of microemulsions, highlighting their potential for enhanced cutaneous drug delivery by improving bioavailability and enabling sustained release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
2 citations
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April 2018 in “Majalah Obat Tradisional” In this study, the FIII micro emulsion formulation of virgin coconut oil and rice bran oil showed the best results for hair growth, increasing rabbit hair length by 1.26 cm in 18 days.
1 citations
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December 2022 in “Pharmaceutics” This study found that finasteride-loaded microemulsions using poloxamer 124 significantly enhanced skin penetration of the drug compared to a standard solution, primarily through targeting hair follicles via the transfollicular pathway, with intercluster, intercellular, and transcellular pathways contributing less.
1 citations
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January 2022 in “Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology” This study successfully developed and optimized ethanol-free microemulsion systems for the transdermal delivery of finasteride, showing that the predicted optimal formulations had physicochemical characteristics close to estimated values, without significant damage to treated hair fibers.
1 citations
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April 2022 in “Applied sciences” This study reports the development of a microemulsion using Momordica charantia extract, which demonstrated strong antioxidant and 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, potentially aiding hair loss management. The microemulsion was stable over 12 weeks, suggesting its future potential for cosmetic or pharmacological applications.
January 2019 in “FarFar - Pharmacy Repository” This article reviews strategies like microemulsions to improve adapalene delivery in acne treatment but reports no new clinical results.
December 2025 in “JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science)” This study reported that microemulsions containing celery ethanol extract significantly promoted rabbit hair growth, with the 10% extract formulation enhancing hair length by 2.7 times compared to a control, while showing good physical stability and no skin irritation.
November 2024 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that valproic acid-loaded microemulsion formulations enhanced skin penetration pathways in guinea pigs compared to an aqueous solution, with composition elements like oil content and surfactant ratios significantly affecting drug delivery performance.
August 2024 in “Majalah Obat Tradisional” This study found that microemulsions containing ethanol extract of cayenne pepper were effective in enhancing hair growth in rabbits, with the 0.2% concentration achieving the most significant results over a 30-day period, compared to a negative control.
August 2019 in “Key engineering materials” This study found that Carthamus tinctorius floret extract, at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, significantly inhibited 5α-reductase activity in DU-145 cells more effectively than standard treatments finasteride and dutasteride, with a stable microemulsion formulation enhancing its skin permeation and stability.
This study found that finasteride could enhance the stemness of dermal papilla cells, suggesting potential benefits for hair regeneration approaches.
January 2017 in “Isan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study explored microemulsion formulations for delivering finasteride through the skin, finding that higher water concentrations increased permeation, which may inform optimal transdermal delivery for treating androgenetic alopecia.
April 2026 in “Trends in Sciences” This study found that Acanthus ebracteatus extract may promote the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and reported that its microemulsion was stable for 12 weeks.
May 2013 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” This study found that a multimodal microemulsion containing minoxidil, diclofenac, and tea tree oil was significantly more effective and stable than minoxidil alone in treating androgenic alopecia over a 32-week period.
January 2022 in “Italian journal of dermatology and venereology” This study reported that a natural complex showed good efficacy in improving hair loss in both male and female androgenetic alopecia over six months.
61 citations
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March 2006 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” In this study, lecithin/n-propanol/isopropyl myristate/water/tetracaine hydrochloride microemulsion was found to be a safe carrier for transdermal drug delivery in animal models, with analgesic effects on Wistar rats.
10 citations
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January 2013 in “International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that a microemulsion containing extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Murraya koenigii was non-irritating and more effective at controlling hair loss than a standard marketed formulation.
132 citations
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April 2007 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study found that an oil-in-water microemulsion of curcumin penetrated deeper into the human stratum corneum and hair follicles compared to an amphiphilic cream.