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Testosterone is linked to cardiovascular risk factors and stroke, but its exact role is unclear.

Hormone treatment for transgender patients may not need to be stopped before surgery, but more research is needed, especially on estrogen.

New compounds can block testosterone effects in rats and might help treat conditions like prostate cancer and acne.

Women with low SHBG levels and a high 3a-diol G to SHBG ratio are likely to experience female pattern baldness, possibly due to a slight excess of androgens affecting sensitive hair bulbs.

Finasteride may lower cholesterol and slow heart disease progression.

Hair health is influenced by genetics, aging, and environmental factors, with proper care needed to maintain it.

Finasteride helps regrow hair and shrink prostate by reducing DHT, with some sexual side effects.

Anti-androgens are effective for female acne but less so for male-pattern hair loss, with side effects similar to birth control pills.

Estrogens significantly influence hair growth by interacting with receptors in hair follicles and may help regulate the hair growth cycle.

Male pattern baldness is mostly inherited, involves many genes, and is linked to other traits like early puberty and strong bones.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

A certain mutation in the fetal alpha 5-reductase gene is linked to a higher risk of late miscarriage.

Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.

Finger length ratios are not linked to the number of specific gene repeats affecting testosterone sensitivity.

Gonadal hormones significantly affect the severity of alopecia areata in mice.

Finasteride-treated male rats' offspring had altered glucose metabolism, potentially increasing diabetes risk.

Finasteride can cause sexual dysfunction and depression, which may persist and require hormonal treatment.

Non-binary transgender individuals need personalized hormonal treatments for better well-being and quality of life.

Gender-affirming hormone treatments need better patient-focused outcome measurements and standardized data collection.

Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors like spironolactone, finasteride, and dutasteride can treat hair loss and skin conditions, but they have risks and side effects, including potential harm to pregnant women and risks of cancer and heart issues. Herbal remedies also have antiandrogenic effects but lack safety validation.

Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.

Obese women with PCOS show a male-like pattern in certain fat tissue gene expressions.

The document suggests that blocking sweat glands with antiperspirants might allow skin-generated hormones to be absorbed, possibly increasing breast and prostate cancer risk.

Betacoronaviruses, like COVID-19, may cause hormone system dysfunction and affect disease susceptibility and severity.

Human skin acts like a hormone-producing organ, making and managing various hormones important for skin and hair health.

The protein StAR is found in 17 different organs and can affect hair loss and brain functions, but its full role is not yet fully understood.

Tributyltin exposure causes sex changes, sterilization, and decline in the snail Ocinebrina aciculata, risking its extinction.

5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.

Gender affects the symptoms and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Testosterone therapy for postmenopausal women appears safe and may protect against heart disease, but requires constant monitoring and more research for long-term effects.