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The document concludes that a systematic approach is crucial to identify causes of androgen excess in women beyond the most common cause, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Alfacalcidiol and metformin together lowered testosterone in women with PCOS, but did not significantly improve acne, hair growth, or pregnancy rates.

The IRS-2 Asp/Asp genotype may increase the risk of PCOS in Chinese women, especially if they are not obese.

Testosterone replacement may help postmenopausal women with sexual function and bone density, but suitable treatments are limited.

Exercise and finasteride together improve ovary health in PCOS rats.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

Women with PCOS have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and need lifestyle changes and treatment.

Effective PCOS treatments require targeting specific signaling pathways.

Acne is linked to inflammation and insulin resistance, and is associated with various syndromes that require different treatments.

Human prostate cells produce more WISP1/CCN4 when there's not enough oxygen.

Some plant-based treatments may help with ovary function, insulin resistance, and excess male hormones in PCOS, but more research is needed to confirm their safety and effectiveness.

The document concludes that using LC-MS/MS for measuring androgens is more accurate than older methods, but it needs careful validation and standardized references to be most effective.

The current methods for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome are too vague and may lead to misdiagnosis and problems in research.

Finasteride treats enlarged prostate and baldness, but may cause limited urinary improvement and sex-related side effects.

HSD3B1 gene variant and being overweight linked to hair loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

High levels of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone before pregnancy are linked to a higher risk of newborns needing intensive care.

Women with PCOS have higher levels of a certain growth factor, which can be reduced by taking metformin.

The conclusion is that standardizing testosterone measurement methods is essential for better diagnosis accuracy in women.

Higher BPA levels may be linked to idiopathic hyperandrogenemia in women.

Androstenedione is better than testosterone for diagnosing PCOS in Indian women.

Over half of the adult women with acne in the study had higher than normal levels of male hormones, especially DHEA.

Taiwanese women with PCOS experience different symptoms based on age, with younger women facing more hormone imbalances and older women dealing with more metabolic issues.

Spinach-derived thylakoid supplements plus a low-calorie diet helped obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome lose weight and improve their metabolism.

5α-reductase inhibitors increase the risk of sexual dysfunction, especially in men with enlarged prostate.

Nearly half of the studied men with long COVID had low testosterone, including younger men.

Young men with early hair loss have slightly worse blood sugar and fat levels, suggesting possible health risks and need for monitoring.

PCOS is a common hormonal disorder in women, often involving menstrual issues and increased diabetes risk, managed through lifestyle changes and targeted treatments.

Lifestyle changes improve reproductive function and hormonal balance in obese women with PCOS.

Older men with low levels of a testosterone byproduct had a higher chance of developing an irregular heartbeat.

Testosterone replacement is recommended for men with low testosterone levels and symptoms of hypogonadism.