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This chapter reviews the science and technology of hair fiber, exploring its composition, the impact of genetics and environmental factors, and recent advancements in hair care products, but presents no new research findings.

This study found that a laboratory model using nude mice can produce human hair follicles with amino acid compositions resembling both normal and trichothiodystrophy-affected human scalp hair over extended periods.

This review outlines the development and growth stages of hair follicles and describes their structure and composition, but it does not present new research findings.

In this study, researchers found that the morphology, composition, and elemental enrichment of domestic cat hairs vary significantly along their length, contributing to a functional gradient that affects mechanical properties and challenging assumptions of uniformity in hair structure.

This study found that fish oil supplementation in male Wistar albino rats helped maintain hair shaft structure and improved amino acid composition, while reducing harmful protein compounds associated with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

This study found that while molecular hair structures were nearly identical across individuals, genetic factors seem to influence specific lipid compositions, as seen in identical-patterned hair from parent-child pairs and identical twins, but not fraternal twins.

This study found that keratins have evolutionarily conserved and domain-selectively enriched amino acids, which likely reflect their unique structural roles, with distinct patterns observed among epidermal, hair, and simple-type epithelial keratins.

This review discusses the diversity of keratins and keratin-associated proteins in wool and hair, noting significant variation in their families, with no new results reported; the authors detail known protein structures without experimental findings.

Keratin proteins in epithelial cells are dynamic and crucial for cell processes and disease understanding.

This study found that, despite the unchanged total level of 18-MEA, deletion of the Sox21 gene disrupts its attachment to the hair cuticle, increases cholesterol sulphate levels, and differentially affects ceramide composition.

This study utilized the DNP–SANS technique on human hair for the first time and found significant changes in the SANS profile dependent on polarization conditions, providing insights into the structural composition and dynamic properties of keratin and its associated proteins.

In this study, researchers observed significant variations in the hierarchical structures of domestic cat hairs and whiskers, showing that local mechanical properties are influenced by the distribution and composition of internal granules and calcium enrichment along the hair's length.

This study found that pepsin digestion was more effective than trypsin at identifying keratin-associated proteins in human hair shafts and confirmed that trypsin introduced a bias in the analysis of protein composition that pepsin can correct.

This study found that beard hair medulla cells express an unexpected range of keratins, showing variability and promiscuous behavior in keratin interactions distinct from other hair follicle cells.

Human nails contain both skin and hair keratins, each needing different extraction methods.

This study used proteomics to identify various proteins in human hair, which may help develop novel biomarkers for hair health, disease, and aging.

This study found that in mice, deleting the keratin 10 gene enhances sebocyte differentiation and increases secretion of sebum and certain lipids without affecting proliferation-associated keratins.

This study developed a model showing that keratin elasticity in skin may be influenced by electrostatic and bridging interactions between keratin filaments, contingent on the balance of charges in the surrounding medium.

This study found that keratin-associated proteins form part of the developing exocuticle and a-layer in hair fiber cuticle cells, while cornified envelope proteins were absent.

Hair fibers may have a unique, non-protein sheath not previously identified.

In this study, keratin‐based hydrogels incorporating calcium ions were developed to effectively deliver atorvastatin, showing potential for localized anti‐fibrotic therapy through controlled drug release and maintaining drug bioactivity in vitro, supported by thorough physicochemical and mechanical characterization.

In this study, researchers used the Modified Transient Plane Source method to measure the thermal conductivity of human hair, highlighting that common heat treatments can damage hair structure by altering its protein composition, emphasizing the importance of understanding thermal properties to mitigate such damage.

This study identified the same N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids in human and horse hair as previously found in wool and feather keratin.

This study analyzed the cornified envelope of epidermal proteins, finding keratins dominate, which may help explain the minimal impact of deleting genes for single envelope components in congenital ichthyosis.

This study suggests that the keratins found in reptile and bird skin appendages evolved independently from mammalian hair keratins, highlighting convergent evolution in these species.

This study found that cashmere has a significantly smaller mean fiber diameter compared to sheep and goat wool, and identified key proteins that may influence this difference.

This study found that hair proteome profiling and genetically variant peptide identification in hairs remained effective after an explosive blast, indicating potential for forensic human identification despite damage.

This review discusses various types of hair dyes, their mechanisms of action, molecular structures, application methods, and formulation aspects, but reports no new research findings.

This study used advanced analytical techniques to reveal that proteins and lipids are distributed unevenly in hair, with distinct structural differences depending on their location within the fiber.

This review discusses the hierarchical structure and chemical properties of hair fibers and offers insights for chemists and biochemists, but reports no new experimental findings.