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Women with PCOS have lower amylin levels, which are not related to their body weight.

Metformin is effective for treating excessive hair growth in women with PCOS and may work better than the standard treatment in some ways.

Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Melatonin improved mental health and metabolism in women with PCOS.

The study found that women with hyperandrogenic PCOS have higher levels of AKT1 and AKT2 proteins in their cells, which may lead to cell dysfunction.

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome are more likely to have cervical insufficiency, especially South Asian and Black women.

Dihydrotestosterone treatment can help penis growth in boys with 5α-reductase deficiency but doesn't fully normalize size after puberty.

Oral isotretinoin for severe acne can change hormone levels but does not significantly affect ovarian function.

The IRS-2 Asp/Asp genotype may increase the risk of PCOS in Chinese women, especially if they are not obese.

AMH levels are higher in women with PCOS and can indicate the number of small follicles in their ovaries.

Finasteride blocks progesterone production in specific tumor cells, potentially causing side effects.

A gene called APCDD1, which controls hair growth, is found to be faulty in a type of hair loss called hereditary hypotrichosis simplex.

Postpartum depression is linked to changes in brain chemicals, inflammation, stress, and certain genes, and can potentially be identified by markers like specific steroids, serotonin levels, and vitamin D levels.

Low-dose gonadotropin treatment is effective for infertility in women with PCOS, leading to high ovulation rates and comparable pregnancy rates with fewer complications.

Women with PCOS often feel stigmatized and have mood issues, which can lower their sexual satisfaction, but proper treatment and support can help.

The skin's ability to produce hormones is linked to various skin conditions, and better understanding this process could lead to new treatments.

Infertile men are more likely to produce sperm with abnormal chromosome numbers, which can affect pregnancy success and embryo health.

Using defensins to activate stem cells may improve skin aging signs without causing inflammation.

Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.

Testosterone therapy can modestly improve sexual function in menopausal women but should be used cautiously and is not recommended for routine measurement in sexual dysfunction or hirsutism.

Progestogens are essential in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent uterine cancer and must be chosen carefully based on individual needs.

Testosterone therapy may improve mood, well-being, and sexual function in premenopausal women, but more research is needed on its long-term safety and effectiveness.

A new genetic change in the DSC3 gene is linked to a rare condition causing hair loss and skin blisters in a child.

The guidelines advise against using testosterone and DHEA in women for most conditions due to safety and effectiveness concerns, but suggest considering testosterone for postmenopausal women with low sexual desire.

Some skin medications are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but others can harm the baby and should be avoided.

Women with PCOS may take longer to get pregnant but can have a normal family size, and should manage their overall health to reduce long-term health risks.

Small changes in hormones can significantly impact health, showing the importance of sensitive testing for chemicals that disrupt hormones.

Daughters of women with PCOS generally experience normal puberty but may have more body hair and different body fat distribution.

The new FDA labeling rules provide more detailed drug safety information for pregnant and breastfeeding women, but more data is needed on the risks of many dermatologic drugs.

Certain genetic variations in OCT1 may improve insulin sensitivity with metformin in women with PCOS.