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This study found that intradermal injections of plant-derived exosomes in adults with early-stage alopecia increased stem cell activity, activated Wnt signaling pathways, and reduced certain immune cell populations, providing insights into their role in hair follicle regeneration and suggesting potential for hair restoration therapy.

In this case-control study, individuals with alopecia areata showed significantly elevated levels of inflammatory markers IL-4, IFN-γ, and CRP, as well as reduced serum Folate and Ferritin, suggesting the condition's multifactorial pathophysiology involves immune activation, systemic inflammation, and micronutrient deficiencies.

This review outlines the transition from simple hair follicle organoids to immune-competent microphysiological systems, addressing limitations in replicating native hair follicle immune features and discussing their applications in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

Aging weakens sweat glands due to reduced support from immune cells, but treatments may help restore function.

This study identifies macrophage-mediated immune signaling as a crucial factor in activating hair follicle stem cells and promoting hair regeneration, offering a new model for testing regenerative therapies for alopecia.

This study found that activating hair follicle resident T cells in a human organ culture can induce an alopecia areata-like immune response, and that the drug farudodstat partially reduced this effect.

In this study, the researchers used a human hair follicle model to demonstrate that T cell stimulation can induce an alopecia areata–like phenotype, with cell proliferation and immune privilege collapse; however, the DHODH inhibitor farudodstat partially mitigated these effects by reducing T cell proliferation.

This study found that PGRP-S expression in mouse epidermis is specific to certain hair follicle epithelia, depending on the skin region, and can be transiently induced in flank skin hair follicle epithelium after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting a role in environmental surveillance.

This study found that allergic rhinitis is linked to a higher risk of developing androgenetic alopecia, while second-generation H1-antihistamine use was associated with a reduced risk, especially in younger patients.

This review found that adding immune checkpoint inhibitors to cancer treatment regimens likely increases the incidence of specific drug-related skin toxicities in adult Asian patients, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and management strategies.

This study provides a framework for understanding different types of alopecias based on immune privilege collapse at specific follicular sites, revealing distinct patterns in immune effector programs and stromal influences depending on the alopecia type.

This study found that restoring the skin microbiome significantly improved hair growth and skin condition in androgenic alopecia model mice by modulating the immune-inflammatory balance, highlighting the potential of bacterial-based therapies for hair loss.

This study identified CD28, GZMB, and CD1C as key immune regulators in alopecia areata, highlighting CD28 as a potential therapeutic target with a promising safety profile, using a proteome-anchored multi-omics approach to uncover actionable targets for this autoimmune hair-loss disorder.

This study identified CD28 as a promising drug target for treating alopecia areata, using a multi-omics approach to highlight its role in immune regulation and linking it to favorable safety profiles, thus offering a strategy for autoimmune target discovery.

This study identified CD28 as a potential drug target in treating alopecia areata by linking immune signaling pathways to local inflammation, highlighting belatacept as a promising treatment option due to minimal adverse effects and providing insights into autoimmune target discovery.

This review highlights that iron deficiency is a significant yet often overlooked contributor to the development of immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases, suggesting that iron dysregulation may drive inflammation and metabolic imbalances in conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

In this case study, treatment with the selective JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib significantly improved symptoms in a patient with refractory alopecia areata, vitiligo, ankylosing spondylitis, and allergic asthma-nasal syndrome, though a transient liver function abnormality was noted.

In this study, pre-treatment with 5-α-reductase inhibitors (finasteride/dutasteride) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma was associated with better immune checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness and improved progression-free and overall survival, without increasing severe side effects.

This study found that MEG3-miRNAs are key regulators of the age-dependent crimped wool trait in Tan sheep, likely influencing primary follicle development and degeneration through immune-inflammatory pathways.

This study found that tumor immunotherapy, while effective against solid tumors, can disrupt the immune balance in hair follicles, causing follicular toxicity and alopecia, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to manage these adverse effects.

This narrative review explores existing evidence on zinc's impact in certain immune-related, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and metabolic disorders, considering clinical and observational studies to assess zinc supplementation's clinical relevance.

This study found that human γδTregs promoted hair regrowth and restored hair follicle immune privilege in a model of alopecia areata, suggesting potential for cell-based therapy in autoimmune diseases.

This review highlights how chronic inflammatory skin disorders like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis may be better understood as manifestations of systemic immune dysregulation rather than just skin issues, suggesting that recognizing these conditions as markers of broader immune imbalance can improve diagnosis and medical education.

This review highlights that disturbances in neuroimmune communication, particularly between sympathetic nerves and macrophages, may contribute to autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and suggests potential therapeutic avenues by restoring this communication in preclinical and early clinical studies.

In this review, summarized findings suggest that emerging targeted immunotherapies may offer promising treatment options for alopecia areata by addressing the breakdown of hair follicle immune privilege.

This review explores advancements in bioprinting technologies for developing in vitro skin models that replicate immune-mediated skin diseases, highlighting their potential to reduce animal testing and enhance research and product testing capabilities in dermatology.

This study reviewed evidence on biologic drugs targeting immune cells for alopecia areata, finding mixed results: some achieved case-level hair regrowth, but controlled trials often showed limited efficacy.

In this study, researchers found that a cold atmospheric plasma-activated hydrogel containing interleukin-2 significantly enhanced hair regeneration in a depilated mouse model, promoting larger hair follicles and faster hair growth phase transition, suggesting it as a potential treatment for hair loss.

This review discusses how urban air pollutants may influence the regulation of JAK3 signaling in alopecia areata and reports no new experimental results; the authors integrate existing data to map potential pathways and biomarkers.

This review explores the immunopharmacological potential of A. lappa for inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders (IMSDs) but reports no new clinical results, emphasizing the need for standardized research methodologies.