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This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

This study summarizes how the IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and highlights that biologics targeting this pathway, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for these conditions.

This study found that IL-7 is crucial for the survival of memory regulatory T cells in the skin of mice, whereas IL-2 is essential for their initial generation but not for their maintenance.

This review highlights recent insights into how IL-15 influences T cell responses and contributes to immunopathogenesis in various diseases, suggesting its crucial role in TCR-independent activation and potential in optimizing therapeutic strategies.

This study suggests that the T allele of the SNP rs2476601 in the PTPN22 gene may increase the risk of alopecia areata, although further studies are necessary to validate this finding across different populations.

This study observed that expanding regulatory T cells in the skin of mice with alopecia areata did not reverse the condition, indicating that additional immunotherapy may be necessary.

This study found that UV exposure in human skin induces IL-10 production by macrophages, while Langerhans cells are depleted and their IL-12 production is downregulated.

This study found that blocking interleukin-3 improved lupus nephritis symptoms in MRL/Ipr mice, suggesting IL-3 may play a role in the disease's progression.

This review highlights the possible role of T regulatory cells in the immune-related mechanisms of alopecia areata but reports no new clinical findings.

In this study, ustekinumab did not promote hair regrowth in human patients with alopecia areata or prevent disease development in an AA mouse model, suggesting limited efficacy for this treatment.

This study found that IFN-γ plays a critical role in T cell activation and the pathogenesis of alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice.

This study found that alopecia areata patients had higher baseline interleukin levels, which significantly decreased with tofacitinib treatment, though this change did not correspond to disease severity improvement.

This meta-analysis found that alopecia areata patients had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α compared to healthy subjects, indicating a potential role of these cytokines in the condition's pathogenesis.

This study suggests that IL-17 may play a more significant role than IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of chronic alopecia areata, with increasing severity linked to Th17 lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration.

This study suggests a potential role for S100A7 and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of lichen planopilaris.

This review examines the role of IL-15 in alopecia areata treatment but reports no clinical results, as there are currently insufficient studies to determine its therapeutic potential.

This study suggests that low-dose IL-2 and IL-15 may help restore immune tolerance in alopecia areata by maintaining Treg cell function, presenting a potential new treatment strategy.

This study suggests that elevated levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in alopecia areata may play roles in disease severity and activity, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets.

In a murine model of alopecia areata, this study observed that the IL-2 fusion protein HCW9302 helped prevent disease development by expanding regulatory T cells and reducing disease-causing effector T cell infiltrates, suggesting potential for using IL-2 fusion proteins in alopecia areata treatment.

Ritlecitinib may help treat alopecia areata by protecting hair follicles.

In this case-control study, the researchers found no significant association between IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms and alopecia areata susceptibility among the Egyptian population.

This study found that IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms do not have a significant association with alopecia areata susceptibility in the Egyptian population.

In this study, topical administration of secretome hypoxia mesenchymal stem cells gel increased IL-10 and decreased TNF-α gene expression in a fluconazole-induced alopecia-like model in rats, with the 40 μL dose having the most significant effect.

In this study, researchers found that ex vivo and in vivo administration of the TYK2 inhibitor BMS-986202 prevented immune privilege collapse and promoted hair regrowth in models of alopecia areata, suggesting this approach may offer a new therapeutic avenue deserving of clinical investigation.

This study suggests that interleukin-15 plays a complex role in alopecia areata, potentially contributing to immune infiltration while also protecting against hair follicle immune privilege collapse and promoting hair growth.

This study found that higher serum IL-21 levels may serve as a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker for alopecia areata, strongly correlating with disease activity.

In a proof-of-concept study at Xiangya Hospital, the researchers observed that combining tofacitinib with low-dose interleukin-2 helped maintain remission in refractory alopecia areata patients, with three out of four maintaining complete remission for 11–20 months post-treatment and no adverse events reported.

This review discusses the potential of combining low-dose IL-2 with islet antigens to enhance antigen-specific Treg function in type 1 diabetes, but reports no new clinical results.

This study observed that NSG-hu-BLT mice developed graft-versus-host disease characterized by CD8+ T lymphocyte-related cell death in the skin and liver, which may affect their utility in other research areas.

In this research, authors found that skin-resident ILCs regulate sebaceous gland function and microbial balance, emphasizing an immune-epithelia system that supports host-microbe symbiosis.