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This review discusses the complex role of immune disturbances and the JAK-STAT pathway in alopecia areata, noting the success of JAK inhibitors in treatment, while highlighting ongoing debates and challenges in targeting other pathways like IL-17 and TNF-α.

This article discusses the immune mechanisms involved in alopecia areata, focusing on T-cell activity and cytokine-driven JAK signaling, but reports no new clinical results.

This study discusses the epithelial-immune microenvironment in chronic skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and highlights current and future treatment strategies targeting inflammatory loops within these diseases.

This study reviewed the role of inflammasomes in autoimmune skin diseases, highlighting their contribution to the pathogenesis of conditions such as vitiligo, alopecia areata, and psoriasis, and suggesting that targeting inflammasome dysregulation may offer new therapeutic options.

This research discusses the complex immune pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights the success of Jak inhibitors and IL-4Rα antagonists, while IL-17A and PDE4 inhibitors showed limited efficacy; controlled trials are advocated to better understand cytokine involvement.

This review discusses recent advances in the treatment of alopecia areata, highlighting new potential therapies like JAK inhibitors and PRP, and reports no new clinical results.

Specific immune cells cause alopecia areata and blocking certain proteins can prevent it.

This systematic review reported an association between specific interleukin gene polymorphisms (IL-17A, IL-18, IL17RA, and IL16) and alopecia areata, suggesting further genetic studies are needed to confirm the interleukins' role in the disorder's progression.

In this study, researchers found that cytokine dysregulation linked to genetic background is present in both patients and healthy but genetically related individuals in two autoimmune skin diseases, Pemphigus vulgaris and Alopecia areata, suggesting that protective immune mechanisms may prevent disease manifestation in predisposed individuals.

The researchers reported that dPGS-PCL as a carrier improved the penetration of tofacitinib in an ex-vivo human skin model compared to free tofacitinib, but did not show significant differences in inhibiting IL-6 and IL-8 during short incubation.

This study found that patients with alopecia areata and their healthy family members had elevated levels of Th1- and Th17-related cytokines, suggesting a genetic link in cytokine dysregulation.

This review explores the role of Tregs in autoimmune skin diseases, transplantation, and skin cancer, and discusses Tregs-based therapies' potential for treating autoimmunity without reporting new experimental results.

This review highlights that alopecia areata is characterized by three immune endotypes, and while JAK inhibitors offer temporary control, upcoming multi-omics diagnostics and immune reprogramming strategies may achieve longer-lasting remission, according to this analysis.

This review highlights emerging evidence that chemotherapy-induced alopecia may be driven by immune mechanisms similar to alopecia areata, involving hair follicle immune privilege collapse, and evaluates Janus kinase inhibitors as potential treatments, while cautioning about their immunosuppressive risks in cancer patients.

This narrative review highlights the shared immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata and atopic dermatitis and discusses approved and investigational therapies that target common pathways, suggesting a future for personalized treatment strategies.

In this review, researchers conclude that immune imbalance between regulatory and cytotoxic T cells, along with activation of IFN-γ–MHC and IL-15–NK pathways, disrupts hair follicle immune privilege, suggesting pivotal mechanisms in alopecia areata development and potential targets for immunotherapeutic interventions.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis, the researchers found that intralesional triamcinolone acetonide was more effective than cryotherapy for achieving significant hair regrowth in patients with patchy alopecia areata, although both treatments had distinct safety profiles.

This study found that human γδTregs promoted hair regrowth and restored hair follicle immune privilege in a model of alopecia areata, suggesting potential for cell-based therapy in autoimmune diseases.

This study observed that male patients with alopecia areata had elevated serum levels of HSP70 and IL-15, with levels increasing alongside disease severity, suggesting these markers are strongly associated with the disease's pathogenesis.

This study found that patients with patchy alopecia areata had significantly higher serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-21 compared to healthy controls, with these levels correlating positively with disease severity, age, and disease duration.

In this case report, researchers documented a 71-year-old woman with both alopecia areata and bullous pemphigoid who showed significant improvement using dupilumab after other treatments failed, highlighting its potential for autoimmune diseases with overlapping inflammatory mechanisms.

This study found that autologous Foxp3+ γδTregs, when tested in human scalp hair follicle models and mouse xenotransplants, can both prevent and treat alopecia areata by reducing immune privilege collapse and lymphocytic infiltration, suggesting their potential as a novel cell-based therapy for the disease.

In this study assessing post-menopausal Asian women, distinct shifts in Malassezia species prevalence on the skin were linked to increased inflammation and impaired skin barrier function, potentially driving disorders like psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis.

This review discusses the mechanisms underlying the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in alopecia areata and emphasizes the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune tolerance.

γδT cells can protect hair follicles from alopecia areata and promote hair regrowth.

This study explored the effects of red ginseng-derived components on aging skin cells and found they do not have senolytic properties but can alleviate signs of cellular aging and improve skin cell function by reducing senescence markers and inflammation.

This study found that γδTregs can prevent and treat alopecia areata in a mouse model with human scalp transplants, suggesting potential for cell-based therapies in autoimmune diseases like alopecia.

This study found that patients with alopecia areata had significantly higher levels of circulating DNA for certain cytokines compared to healthy controls, suggesting that increased circulating DNA may be linked to hair follicle damage in these patients.

This study reviews current evidence on the role of ILC3s in the skin, highlighting their potential involvement in responding to microbiome changes such as those associated with acne and suggesting gaps in understanding their mechanisms.

A specific type of immune cell plays a key role in causing alopecia areata and could be a target for treatment.