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The research found that hair follicle–derived cytokines, particularly IL-15 and IL-7, regulate skin-resident memory T cells and their role in both immune homeostasis and lymphoma in the skin.

This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

This review highlights recent insights into how IL-15 influences T cell responses and contributes to immunopathogenesis in various diseases, suggesting its crucial role in TCR-independent activation and potential in optimizing therapeutic strategies.

This study found that alopecia areata patients had higher baseline interleukin levels, which significantly decreased with tofacitinib treatment, though this change did not correspond to disease severity improvement.

This study highlights that while hair follicle cycling is primarily influenced by growth factors like IGF-1 and Wnt signals, the role of cytokines in normal human hair growth and cycling is less understood.

This study suggests that low-dose IL-2 and IL-15 may help restore immune tolerance in alopecia areata by maintaining Treg cell function, presenting a potential new treatment strategy.

This study found that IL-7 is crucial for the survival of memory regulatory T cells in the skin of mice, whereas IL-2 is essential for their initial generation but not for their maintenance.

This review discusses the significance of IL-1 family cytokines in skin inflammation and pathology, emphasizing their interactions with microbes and potential therapeutic applications, but reports no new clinical results.

In this study, ustekinumab did not promote hair regrowth in human patients with alopecia areata or prevent disease development in an AA mouse model, suggesting limited efficacy for this treatment.

This study observed that expanding regulatory T cells in the skin of mice with alopecia areata did not reverse the condition, indicating that additional immunotherapy may be necessary.

This study suggests that IL-17 may play a more significant role than IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of chronic alopecia areata, with increasing severity linked to Th17 lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration.

This study suggests a potential role for S100A7 and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of lichen planopilaris.

This review examines the role of IL-15 in alopecia areata treatment but reports no clinical results, as there are currently insufficient studies to determine its therapeutic potential.

In this study on mice, researchers observed that dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) plays a key role in regulating skin inflammation and tissue repair; however, reduced expression of certain cytokines in obese mice may hinder these processes, indicating potential metabolic disruptions in dWAT during inflammation.

In this case-control study, the researchers found no significant association between IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms and alopecia areata susceptibility among the Egyptian population.

In this study, researchers observed that a topical gel containing 20% hypoxia mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly reduced IL-15 and IFN-γ mRNA expression and baldness by 60% in male Wistar rats with fluconazole-related alopecia.

In this study, secretomes from hypoxic mesenchymal stem cells were found to increase PDGF and reduce IL-1β gene expression in rats, potentially offering an effective topical treatment for alopecia caused by long-term fluconazole use.

This study found that IL-4 VNTR intron 3 and TNF-α (rs1799964) gene polymorphisms do not have a significant association with alopecia areata susceptibility in the Egyptian population.

In this study, topical administration of secretome hypoxia mesenchymal stem cells gel increased IL-10 and decreased TNF-α gene expression in a fluconazole-induced alopecia-like model in rats, with the 40 μL dose having the most significant effect.

This study reported that IL-15 promotes human hair growth and protects hair follicle immune privilege, potentially stabilizing alopecia areata treatment outcomes when selectively stimulating IL-15Rα signaling.

This study suggests that interleukin-15 plays a complex role in alopecia areata, potentially contributing to immune infiltration while also protecting against hair follicle immune privilege collapse and promoting hair growth.

This study suggests that rather than inhibiting IL-15, selectively stimulating IL-15Ra-mediated signaling could be beneficial for managing alopecia areata and possibly other inflammatory hair loss conditions, as IL-15 promoted hair growth and maintained immune privilege in human hair follicles.

This research suggests that hair follicle-derived cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 are crucial for maintaining resident memory T cells in the skin, which may be relevant for diseases like cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

This study found that JAK inhibitors promote hair regrowth in both mice and human alopecia areata cases by blocking key immune pathways involved in disease development.

In this research, authors found that skin-resident ILCs regulate sebaceous gland function and microbial balance, emphasizing an immune-epithelia system that supports host-microbe symbiosis.

This study found that certain T cell-associated genes were upregulated in dogs with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and vitiligo, suggesting a shared immunopathogenesis with humans.

This study found that elevated serum levels of IL-15 in active alopecia areata patients are correlated with disease severity, suggesting it plays a role in disease pathogenesis.

This study found that interleukin-1-alpha and oncostatin-M levels were positively associated with PCOS development, while interleukin-7, IL15RA, and CXCL11 were negatively associated, suggesting a connection between inflammatory factors and PCOS.

This study found that hair follicles play a significant role in regulating skin barrier function, with disruptions in the upper hair follicle affecting the epidermis, influencing processes like desquamation and sebum release, and leading to cell movement into the epidermis.

This case report observed that oral tofacitinib treatment resolved both alopecia universalis and plaque psoriasis in a patient, possibly by targeting shared inflammatory pathways.