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This case report describes a 29-year-old woman with longstanding alopecia areata who experienced improvement in her scalp hair loss after 7 years of topical treatment with squaric acid dibutylester.

This study found that T-regulatory cells, specifically the FOXP3 CD39 subset, were significantly reduced in both circulation and hair follicles of alopecia areata patients compared to healthy subjects, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

The study suggested certain immune cells might cause alopecia areata, but it was retracted.

This study found that CD1a-restricted CD4+ T cells responsive to lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol were more frequent in the blood of atopic dermatitis patients, suggesting a potential role in the disease's Th2-mediated pathology.

This study reported that alopecia occurred in 2.5% of patients with mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome, with some cases resembling alopecia areata and others associated with specific skin lesions.

This study observed that dandruff-affected scalp skin has increased T-cell infiltration in the epidermis and a reduction in the hair follicle's physiological immune privilege, particularly in the suprabulbar outer root sheath area, indicating a distinct immune microenvironment compared to healthy scalp.

This review discusses the autoimmune nature of alopecia areata, potential therapeutic targets, and highlights the need for further studies on immunomodulatory treatments and genetic factors, but it reports no new clinical results.

This study observed that Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can inhibit phosphorylation of STAT1 and reduce a specific subset of immune cells in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting a potential role in maintaining immune privilege in alopecia areata.

This review examines the interplay of genetics and neuroimmunology in alopecia areata, highlighting its potential to inform broader autoimmunity research, but reports no new findings.

This study found that despite the persistence of aberrant double-negative T-cells, functional immune-competence was maintained after thymic transplantation in a patient with a rare FOXN1 mutation.

This study found that thymus transplantation in athymic mice resulted in T-cell-driven hair follicle depigmentation and loss, without multiorgan autoimmune disease, highlighting mechanisms of tissue-specific tolerance.

In this study, researchers identified unique prenatal lymphocyte features in human fetal skin, including proliferative naive T cells and memory-like T cells, which may influence antigen and allergen responses in utero and infancy.

This study found that Th17 lymphocytes may play a more crucial role than cytotoxic T cells in the development of alopecia areata due to their infiltration around the hair bulb/bulge, which exacerbates hair loss as histopathological grade worsens.

This review discusses sex-based differences in immune responses, focusing on genetic, hormonal, and microbiome factors influencing infections like COVID-19, and reports no clinical results.

This study identified shared gene expression changes and immune cell infiltration patterns that may contribute to hair loss in alopecia areata and cutaneous lupus erythematosus, but also highlighted factors that might preserve hair in psoriasis patients.

Aldesleukin can treat certain cancers and increase HIV patient CD4+ counts but often causes severe side effects.

This case report presents the first evidence of significant antigen presenting cells around hair follicles in a patient with alopecia due to active systemic lupus erythematosus.

This article reviews the genetic basis, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for nude severe combined immunodeficiency, but does not present any new research findings.

This paper discusses the variability in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, emphasizing factors like biological differences and suggesting potential precision medicine approaches, but it reports no new clinical results.

Early stage bald spots are linked to skin inflammation and damage to the upper part of the hair follicle.

This article reviews the classification, pathogenesis, and treatment options for cutaneous lupus erythematosus and reports no new clinical findings.

This study found that alopecia areata is linked to genetic factors, specifically HLA haplotypes on chromosome 6, and involves immune privilege collapse at hair follicles which is mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ.

This study found that thymus transplantation in infants with FOXN1 deficiency led to T-cell reconstitution and functional immunity, resolving serious infections and cytopenias.

This review discusses the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, highlighting the role of immune privilege collapse in hair follicles but reports no clinical results.

In this study, rheumatoid arthritis patients showed no changes in the number of circulating follicular helper T cells, but these cells had increased CD200 expression, implicating them in disease pathogenesis and suggesting CD200/CD200R as a potential therapeutic target.

In this study, blocking the CXCR3 receptor in mice prevented the development of alopecia areata by inhibiting the accumulation of specific T cells in the skin, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for humans.

In this study, researchers observed that dormant TRP-2+ melanoma cells in bone marrow can interact with CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing ret transgenic mice, potentially influencing immune responses.

This paper reviews the use of interferons, particularly alfa interferon, in treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, noting its substantial efficacy both alone and in combination therapies with predictable, generally well-tolerated side effects.

This review discusses the heterogeneity of Tregs in normal and tumor environments, emphasizing the complexity of targeting tumor-resident Tregs while maintaining systemic immune tolerance, but reports no new findings.

This study found that direct co-culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with regulatory T cells enhanced osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization, suggesting Treg's potential in promoting bone regeneration by modulating BMSC mechanobiology through the ROCK-myosin signaling pathway.