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The Cochrane Database published its 5000th review in 2012, covering various health topics and updating conclusions based on new research.

Mice without the vitamin D receptor have bone issues and other health problems, suggesting vitamin D is important for preventing various diseases in humans.

Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Testosterone treatment for older men can have short-term benefits, but long-term risks are unclear, requiring careful evaluation and monitoring.

Insulin resistance and obesity are key factors in the development and worsening of polycystic ovary syndrome, and lifestyle changes are important for managing it.

High androgen levels in young women with PCOS are linked to higher blood pressure.

Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.

The update highlights that non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is common in women with excess male hormones, requires specific hormone tests for diagnosis, and has various treatment options depending on age and symptoms.

Eating fewer calories, less sugar and refined carbs, and more low-glycemic and omega-3 rich foods can help manage PCOS symptoms.

New hormonal contraceptives are safer, have fewer side effects, and offer health benefits for women.

5α-reductase inhibitors can cause sexual problems, higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer, and depression.

The document concludes that early recognition and treatment of PCOS in adolescents is crucial for managing symptoms and long-term health risks.

Women with PCOS who have low SHBG are more likely to have low good cholesterol and metabolic syndrome.

The document suggests treating individuals with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia who show symptoms, especially those related to excess male hormones.

Some skin conditions may indicate metabolic syndrome, which could help with early detection and management of related health issues.

Short-term testosterone therapy in women seems safe with few mild side effects, but long-term effects need more research.

Testosterone therapy is generally safe for transmen, improves sexual function, and has manageable health risks with proper monitoring.

Hair loss linked to metabolic issues and insulin resistance; early assessment may reduce future health risks.

Small changes in hormones can significantly impact health, showing the importance of sensitive testing for chemicals that disrupt hormones.

Insulin resistance in women with PCOS can lead to serious health issues, but lifestyle changes and certain medications can help manage symptoms.

Insulin resistance is linked to high male hormone levels in women, often seen in those with PCOS.

Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was first described in 1721, officially diagnosed in the 1990s, and is now known to be partly genetic and linked to insulin resistance, with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and carbohydrate metabolism issues.

Hormonal contraceptives can help treat acne by affecting sebum production and androgen levels.

People with early hair loss may have higher insulin levels and a greater chance of developing metabolic syndrome.

Mild essential fatty acid deficiency can cause health issues and is worsened by low-fat diets.

The document concludes that more research is needed to fully understand the causes of PCOS.

Metabolic syndrome is more common in people with early-onset androgenic alopecia.

Older obese women with PCOS have higher cardiovascular and metabolic risks despite lower androgen levels.

COVID-19 and hypopituitarism (reduced pituitary gland function) are linked, with the latter's related health issues potentially worsening COVID-19 outcomes, and COVID-19 possibly increasing risk for pituitary complications.