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Thiopurines help treat IBD but require genetic testing to avoid side effects.

Alopecia areata involves complex immune and genetic factors, with potential treatment targets identified, but more research is needed.

Methotrexate is effective and well-tolerated in children for certain skin conditions but requires careful monitoring.

The chapter explains common scalp conditions, including infections, infestations, and tumors.

Keratin proteins are essential for keeping the cells in the human colon healthy and stable.

Genetic discoveries are leading to new treatments for alopecia areata.

The review concluded that reporting on PRP therapy is often incomplete, leading to uncertainty about its effectiveness.

A patient with PPP had rare skin reactions to adalimumab, which improved after stopping smoking and continuing acitretin.

A 70-year-old woman with bronchiectasis developed a rare immune disease due to a bacterial infection, requiring a difficult balance of treatments.

Alopecia areata patients have higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Certain immune-related proteins are higher in people with alopecia and their healthy relatives, hinting at a genetic link.

Many pediatric epilepsy patients experience preventable severe adverse drug reactions, especially with certain medications and risk factors.

Alopecia areata needs more recognition and better treatment access in Latin America to improve patient care and outcomes.

Certain surgical methods are better than routine incision for hidradenitis suppurativa, topical clindamycin and acitretin are effective treatments, men with HS have a risk of skin cancer, HS patients are more likely to die from heart problems, and specific genetic markers are linked to treatment response.

New technologies show promise in healing wounds, treating cancer, autoimmune diseases, and genetic disorders.

Nanotechnology shows promise for better chronic wound healing but needs more research.

Mycophenolate mofetil may improve lupus nephritis remission more than cyclophosphamide but with uncertain safety.

Fibroblast changes in systemic sclerosis may help understand disease severity and treatment.

Choosing the right tools is crucial for accurately measuring lupus activity and damage.

Teledermatology became a valuable and convenient tool for skin care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IL-1 family cytokines are crucial for skin defense and healing, but their imbalance can cause skin diseases.

New treatments for ichthyosis, like protein replacement and gene therapy, show promise and may become standard care.

Use antimalarials like hydroxychloroquine for cutaneous lupus, avoid herbal supplements, and focus on lifestyle changes like sun protection.

A3B5 can reduce skin pigmentation and slow melanoma growth.

There is a significant need for better-validated quality of life tools in dermatology.

Certain natural and synthetic compounds may help treat inflammatory skin diseases by targeting a specific signaling pathway.

Sex hormones' effects on COVID-19 are unclear and more research is needed to understand their potential as treatment.

Tiny particles called extracellular vesicles show promise for skin improvement and anti-aging in facial care but face challenges like low production and lack of research.

Mast cells and CD8 T cells interact closely in skin diseases, affecting each other's behavior and contributing to conditions like psoriasis and eczema.

Keratin treatment reduces astrocyte reactivity and inflammation.