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Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.

Exemestane may protect bones by stimulating osteoblast growth through androgen-related pathways.

Angiogenin helps hair grow by stimulating cell growth and blood vessel formation.

Dobutamine does not mimic dopamine at therapeutic doses but may at very high concentrations; microfilaments, not microtubules, are important for wound healing in Xenopus embryos.

Kallmann syndrome can cause eye issues and other health problems, requiring various treatments.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

Women with regular menstrual cycles and PCOS have linked kisspeptin and LH hormone patterns, unlike those with irregular cycles.

Oral contraceptives may cause hair loss in women.

Metformin and thiazolidinediones are similarly effective for PCOS, but metformin is often preferred due to fewer side effects.

Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors like spironolactone, finasteride, and dutasteride can treat hair loss and skin conditions, but they have risks and side effects, including potential harm to pregnant women and risks of cancer and heart issues. Herbal remedies also have antiandrogenic effects but lack safety validation.

Amenorrhea, or missing periods, is caused by various factors and is treated based on the specific cause.

Finasteride and flutamide effectively reduce hirsutism in PCOS women, with flutamide also lowering hormone levels.

Long-term testosterone therapy can cause hormone suppression, affect prostate and heart health, and alter physical characteristics, but does not increase prostate cancer risk and needs more research for full risk assessment.

The review found no clear link between vitamin D receptor gene variations and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause different levels of androgen insensitivity, making it hard to create simple tests for the condition.

Most female students at Qassim University know about PCOS, but there are still misunderstandings about it.

The new oral testosterone pill normalized testosterone levels and lowered SHBG in men with low testosterone.

Irregular menstrual cycles in teenagers are linked to a higher risk of polycystic ovary syndrome and metabolic syndrome.

Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome can cause writer's cramp and other varied symptoms, highlighting the importance of genetic testing for diagnosis.

Hormonal treatments can help with acne but are not the first choice due to side effects and the need for careful patient selection.

A postmenopausal woman's facial redness, acne, and excess hair were caused by too much hormone therapy for insomnia, but improved after stopping the treatment.

No cure for female pattern hair loss, but various effective treatments exist.

Amenorrhea is relatively rare and initial testing should check FSH, TSH, and prolactin levels.

The document concludes that parathyroid diseases have a range of clinical features and outcomes, with some conditions being treatable and others having a high risk of mortality.

Different halogens on progesterone derivatives can either block or mimic male hormone effects, depending on their type and amount.

Sex steroids produced in the hippocampus are crucial for brain functions like memory and learning in rodents.

PCOS increases sexual pain distress in infertile women.

High fasting insulin levels in women with PCOS are linked to a higher risk of heart and metabolic problems.

Taking biotin supplements can cause incorrect thyroid test results, leading to wrong diagnoses.

Hormonal changes and conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome are major causes of adult acne in women, with varying prevalence among different ethnicities.