18 citations
,
March 2010 in “Gynecologic and obstetric investigation” This study found that both combined therapy with goserelin and oral contraceptives, and oral contraceptives alone, significantly reduced hair diameter in severe hirsutism without a significant difference between treatments.
5 citations
,
October 2014 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” This case study describes a 15-year-old girl with a Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor who showed high androgen levels and steroidogenic responses similar to patients with polycystic ovary syndrome before surgery.
4 citations
,
November 2018 in “Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports” This report describes two cases of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism where GnRH analogue use suggested an ovarian source of excess androgens, leading to a diagnosis of benign ovarian tumors.
3 citations
,
July 2009 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” In this study, Buserelin nasal spray significantly reduced hirsutism scores and suppressed ovarian steroid secretion in women with non-adrenal hirsutism over six months, with effects lasting post-treatment.
1 citations
,
September 2024 in “Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology” This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome have more pronounced metabolic alterations and higher androgen levels compared to women with eumenorrheic hyperandrogenism, suggesting EuHyperA may be a milder form of PCOS.
1 citations
,
September 2023 in “JCEM case reports” This case series observed the efficacy of GnRH analogues in diagnosing and treating various forms of ovarian hyperandrogenism, illustrating their role in symptom management without surgery, particularly for benign conditions and refractory androgen excess.
February 2026 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” In this case report, goserelin, a GnRH agonist, was effective in managing stuttering priapism and improving erectile function in a patient with sickle cell disease, suggesting potential for last-line treatment.
September 2002 in “Fertility and sterility” This study found that metformin therapy is associated with the initiation of ovulatory cycles in women with PCOS and a trend toward reduced 17P responses after six months, but did not improve hirsutism or body composition.
2170 citations
,
September 2017 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This updated guideline from the Endocrine Society highlights the importance of endocrinologists in providing safe and effective hormone regimens for gender-affirming care, especially for adolescents who have entered puberty.
855 citations
,
June 2009 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.
96 citations
,
October 1987 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study found that long-term GnRH agonist administration in premenopausal women with polycystic ovarian disease resulted in persistent suppression of ovarian steroid secretion, while adrenal steroid levels remained unchanged.
82 citations
,
February 1989 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study found that in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, a 3-month treatment with a long-acting GnRH agonist significantly reduced intraprostatic DHT and 3α-diol levels by about 90% and testosterone by about 75%.
77 citations
,
October 1986 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study found that nafarelin treatment significantly reduced androgen levels and improved hirsutism symptoms in women, suggesting it may be useful for managing this condition.
70 citations
,
March 2016 in “Urologic Clinics of North America” This article reviews the coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, male fertility, and therapies for hypogonadism, but reports no new clinical findings.
62 citations
,
December 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study found that combining a GnRH agonist with a low-dose oral contraceptive was more effective in treating hirsutism than either agent alone and prevented hypoestrogenic side effects.
49 citations
,
April 1997 in “Human reproduction” This study found that both a high dose of CPA and GnRHa are effective for treating hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women, but GnRHa with add-back therapy may lead to a longer remission period.
49 citations
,
October 1988 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study found that low doses of leuprolide effectively suppressed serum estradiol and LH response, while higher doses were needed to suppress testosterone and reduce hair growth in hirsute women.
46 citations
,
September 2016 in “Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” This article reviews the hormonal pathogenesis and treatment strategies for acne vulgaris, particularly in women with severe or treatment-resistant cases, associating it with hormonal imbalances and hyperandrogenism.
45 citations
,
April 2021 in “Current Treatment Options in Oncology” This review discusses cardiovascular risks associated with androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients and highlights ongoing research, including the potential reduced COVID-19 susceptibility, but reports no new results.
36 citations
,
May 2011 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Treatment with a hormone agonist can reduce excess male hormones in postmenopausal women without surgery.
33 citations
,
April 2015 in “Cochrane library” This review examined various treatments for hirsutism and found low to very low quality evidence suggesting that flutamide and spironolactone may help reduce hair growth, while metformin was ineffective.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” This review found limited evidence on the effectiveness of different antiandrogens for feminization in transgender women, suggesting cyproterone acetate, leuprolide, and medroxyprogesterone acetate may better suppress testosterone than spironolactone or estradiol alone.
30 citations
,
February 2016 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” This review found moderate to very low-quality evidence that spironolactone, flutamide, and cyproterone acetate combined with oral contraceptives may reduce hirsutism more effectively than placebo or metformin, though results vary among other treatments.
26 citations
,
October 2016 in “Clinics in Dermatology” This article discusses various hormonal therapies for acne and provides practical treatment guidelines for managing hormonally related acne, but it reports no new research findings.
24 citations
,
January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology” This review examines hormonal influences on acne development and available hormonal therapies but reports no new clinical results.
24 citations
,
January 2010 in “Annales d'endocrinologie” This review discusses treatment options for hirsutism in women of childbearing age, focusing on the use of contraceptives, CPA, spironolactone, and third-line therapies, and reports no clinical results.
24 citations
,
March 2002 in “Expert opinion on investigational drugs” This review discusses various anti-androgen treatments for hirsutism, including androgen receptor blockers and inhibitors, and emphasizes the role of diagnosis in selecting the most appropriate therapy, but reports no new clinical results.
24 citations
,
October 1995 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” This study found that the LH response to nafarelin effectively distinguished gonadotropin deficiency from constitutional delay of puberty, performing comparably to the sleep test and offering certain advantages.
23 citations
,
March 1994 in “Fertility and sterility” This study found that oral contraceptives effectively suppressed hyperandrogenemia in most patients with hyperandrogenic-insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans syndrome, though GnRH-a therapy was beneficial for those not responding initially.
21 citations
,
April 2016 in “International Journal of Oncology” This study found that treatment with the GnRH agonist Triptorelin significantly decreased invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61 in certain breast cancer cells, suggesting a potential role in slowing cancer progression.