27 citations
,
February 1991 This study found that extensive cuticle damage from diperisophthalic acid oxidation did not alter the tensile properties of human hair, suggesting that these properties are mainly due to the cortex rather than the cuticle.
10 citations
,
March 2005 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that photochemical and cosmetic chemical oxidation of hair causes surface damage by delipidation and acid formation, which can be characterized and quantified using microfluorometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
February 2025 in “Brazilian Journal of Hair Health” This study reports that the candle flame technique "velaterapia," popular in Brazil for addressing split ends, can damage hair fibers due to bubble formation at high temperatures, despite thermal protectors providing some cuticle protection.
September 2024 in “Heliyon” In this study, researchers observed that even a single session of hair dyeing can damage hair fibers, with significant worsening of mechanical properties and protein composition after three or more consecutive treatments, emphasizing the need to consider the cumulative impacts of dyeing on hair health.
23 citations
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August 2019 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Pollution exposure speeds up hair damage.
17 citations
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June 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study observed that mice with a Cx43 mutation exhibited slower and asynchronous hair regrowth with severe cuticle weathering, mimicking aspects of hair phenotype in some ODDD patients.
19 citations
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May 2008 in “Applied spectroscopy” This study found that human hair cuticle and cortex have different protein structures, with beta-sheet and disorder configurations in the cuticle and alpha-helical structures in the cortex.
13 citations
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March 2006 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” The study found that a polymer treatment changes the charge on hair surfaces, making bleached hair smoother and less porous.
6 citations
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May 2003 in “PubMed” This study found that DNA is present at low levels in human hair shafts, with higher amounts near the root, and that its levels decrease after surfactant washing and colorant treatments.
May 2026 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that repeated exposure to ozonated water caused oxidative changes in hair proteins, lipids, and pigments, leading to altered hair properties, with minimal effects on shine and color.
17 citations
,
December 2002 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications” This study reports on the biochemical characteristics of S100A3 protein in human hair cuticle, notably finding its N-terminal methionine is acetylated and has a slightly lower isoelectric point compared to the recombinant version.
15 citations
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June 2019 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” This study found that bleaching, dyeing, and UVA/Vis radiation caused significant cuticle damage and protein loss in both Caucasian and Afro-ethnic hair, highlighting the aggressive nature of these treatments.
January 2020 in “Indian dermatology online journal” Hair styling products can damage hair over time.
30 citations
,
January 1994 in “Micron” This study found that the formation of the fibre cuticle surface in Merino sheep is similar to the epidermal stratum corneum process and not from a modified plasma membrane as previously thought.
8 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” This study explored the structure and keratin composition of marsupial hairs, finding similarities in keratin localization to hairs in placental mammals, and highlighting potential roles of trichohyalin and transglutaminase during hair development and shedding.
6 citations
,
June 1976 in “Journal of ultrastructure research” This study identified the presence of recognizable organelles, such as lysosomes and mitochondria, in both the keratinized fiber and the hardened inner root sheath of the Romney wool follicle.
30 citations
,
April 2009 in “Mycoses” This study found that the fungus Microsporum gypseum enzymatically degrades keratin in human hair, with the sequence of degradation reflecting the keratinization and cystine content of individual hair components in vitro.
62 citations
,
January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study identified 16 novel high sulfur KAP genes and two KAP pseudogenes on chromosome 21q23, showing expression in a specific region of the hair fiber cuticle.
15 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” This study analyzes the fine structure and protein distribution in monotreme hairs, finding similarities with other mammals and detailing unique immunocytochemical features in their inner root sheaths.
18 citations
,
November 2010 in “Journal of morphology” This research examined the ultrastructure of deer hair fibers and found significant variations in diameter, cuticle thickness, and intermediate filament arrangements among different fiber types.
13 citations
,
March 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to locate where calcium and copper are concentrated in colored hair, finding these metals particularly in the cuticle's sulfur-rich regions.
November 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This research investigated how moisture absorption impacts human hair structure, finding that moisture sorption kinetics reveal insights into chain entanglement and structural changes due to cosmetic treatments, while also quantifying the influence of sample weight and fiber density on the sorption process.
November 2023 in “Borneo Journal of Pharmacy” In this study, researchers used scanning electron microscopy to analyze hair damage from 3% hydrogen peroxide and UVB radiation, observing that Caesalpinia sappan hair tonic formulations coated and interacted with the hair cuticle, potentially modifying hair fiber damage.
October 2015 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” This article reviews the components and forms of hair styling aids, their safety, and potential use in improving appearance-related hair conditions but reports no new clinical findings.
12 citations
,
February 2019 in “Skin research and technology” This study found that white hair fibers have lower lipid content and different water absorption dynamics compared to brown hair fibers, suggesting differences in their barrier functions.
13 citations
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June 2011 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that water hardness metals like calcium and magnesium can stiffen hair fibers, reduce combing forces, and affect style retention, with varied effects on virgin and bleached hair.
January 2000 in “Zhongguo yixue wulixue zazhi” This study observed that human hair keratin showed distinct morphological features depending on the dissolution speed, which could have potential applications in clinical settings for developing self-tendons.
425 citations
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August 2002 in “BioEssays” This review discusses the structure and assembly of the cornified cell envelope in stratified squamous epithelial cells and various disorders leading to barrier defects, but reports no new findings.
This chapter provides an overview of the complex chemical and physical structure of the hair surface, detailing how factors like ethnicity, environmental stress, and cosmetic treatments can alter its properties and influence the adhesion of hair care products.
This study found that hair fibers broke down and lost keratin in extremely basic conditions, revealing the inner medulla and changing the color of the fibers.