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The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

A 12-year-old girl with very high testosterone and insulin resistance improved with birth control pills, suggesting PCOS can cause high testosterone without tumors.

The GH-IGF-I axis is likely involved in the hormonal imbalances seen in non-obese women with functional hyperandrogenism.

A 70-year-old woman with a malignant adrenal tumor improved after surgery and radiotherapy.

N-acetylcysteine was more effective and had fewer side effects than metformin for improving insulin resistance in women with PCOS.

The study found no significant link between Helicobacter pylori infection and polycystic ovary syndrome in young females.

Women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia may have a higher risk of fertility issues and miscarriages, and should get genetic counseling.

Birth control pills and anti-androgen medications help manage hair growth, acne, and hair loss in women with PCOS.

PCOS patients, especially obese ones, often lack vitamin D and may need supplements and lifestyle changes.

The removed ovarian tumor was a rare type of blood vessel tumor that improved the patient's symptoms and hormone levels after surgery.

Resistance training improved BMI and menstrual regularity more in women with PCOS than aerobic training.

Resveratrol improved hormone levels, menstrual cycles, hair loss, and ovarian function in PCOS patients.

Hormonal imbalances, not insulin resistance or dyslipidemia, may be more important in causing acne in women over 25.

The document concludes that effectively managing PCOS requires a multifaceted approach.

Different scalp and hair disorders are more common in certain ethnic groups, with the most common being androgenetic alopecia, which is treated with medications like minoxidil and finasteride.

The conclusion is that a more comprehensive and precise approach is needed for diagnosing PCOS to address its broader health risks.

PCOS treatment should address both symptoms and metabolic risks, starting with lifestyle changes and possibly including medication.

Ovarian steroid cell tumors should be considered in adults with hirsutism and high testosterone, with surgery as the main treatment.

The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of male and female gonadal disorders is crucial for effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

Aldactone effectively reduces hair thickness in women with excessive hair growth, both alone and with other treatments.

Spironolactone effectively makes hair shafts thinner in women with excessive hair growth.

Women with acne and hair loss, even if they have regular periods, often have polycystic ovary syndrome.

A woman's severe male-like symptoms were caused by a rare, benign tumor in her ovary that produced male hormones.

The document concludes that a systematic approach is crucial to identify causes of androgen excess in women beyond the most common cause, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Laser hair removal is effective for hirsutism when combined with treatment for the underlying causes.

Women with non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia have higher levels of certain steroids, which can be reduced by treatment.

Curcumin improved some metabolic factors in women with PCOS but did not affect cholesterol, insulin, or testosterone levels.

Ovarian vein sampling helped diagnose rare ovarian tumors causing high testosterone, and surgery to remove the tumors lowered the testosterone levels.

PCOS patients have more central body fat, which can be effectively measured using DEXA.

Losing weight, possibly through bariatric surgery, is key to improving PCOS and hyperandrogenism symptoms in obese patients.