154 citations,
October 1996 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Estrogen affects hair growth and skin cell multiplication.
130 citations,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” Estrogen Receptor ß (ERß) is the main hormone controller in human skin and hair follicles, not Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) or the Androgen Receptor (AR).
113 citations,
April 1999 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Cyproterone acetate-estrogen most effective for hirsutism, but consider side effects and patient needs.
77 citations,
April 2004 in “Gene expression patterns” The three estrogen receptor genes are highly expressed in zebrafish neuromasts during development.
71 citations,
February 2000 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism” Estradiol stops hair growth in mice, but an antagonist can reverse this effect.
68 citations,
May 1991 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Both cyproterone acetate and spironolactone effectively reduce hair growth in women with hirsutism.
58 citations,
February 2018 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology” Estrogen helps keep skin healthy and may make women look younger and more attractive.
42 citations,
July 2012 in “PLOS ONE” Estrogen can temporarily slow down hair growth but this can be reversed.
27 citations,
April 1998 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology” Estrogen and progesterone don't directly affect hair growth in androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata.
23 citations,
April 1999 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” All treatments reduce hair growth; low dose flutamide most effective with fewer side effects.
22 citations,
March 2004 in “Dermatology” Topical estrogen helps hair growth in menopausal women with no major side effects.
19 citations,
March 1998 in “Endocrinology” Male rats have more somatostatin neurons than females due to testosterone converting to estrogen during early development.
18 citations,
August 2019 in “Clinical breast cancer” Local hormonal treatment for vulvovaginal atrophy is likely safe for women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors.
18 citations,
August 2012 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Estrogen therapy helped regrow hair in a bald man.
14 citations,
December 2010 in “Seminars in Oncology” Rare adrenal cancers that secrete androgens or estrogens have a poor prognosis and are treated primarily with surgery.
13 citations,
December 2012 in “Frontiers in bioscience” Vitamin D and estrogen may help protect heart and kidney health, and maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels could be especially beneficial for African Americans, postmenopausal women, and people with chronic kidney disease.
12 citations,
October 2004 in “Experimental Gerontology” Changes in testosterone and estrogen receptor genes can affect how men age, influencing body fat, hair patterns, and possibly leading to skin disorders.
9 citations,
January 2016 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” The study concluded that both estrogen and androgen receptors, which decrease with age, are linked to skin aging and may be hormonally regulated.
4 citations,
March 2017 in “Development” Estrogen is important for keeping adult mouse nipple skin healthy by controlling certain cell signals.
3 citations,
December 2016 in “Journal of epidemiological research” Estrogen and androgenic hair increase melanoma risk, especially in European-ancestry individuals.
3 citations,
May 2016 in “Dermatology Online Journal” Changing estrogen levels during menopause might affect genes related to body rhythms and cause increased hair loss.
3 citations,
December 2011 in “Pediatric Dermatology” The patient's long-term hair loss was caused by leukemia treatments and low estrogen levels, worsened by her genetic tendency for hair loss.
1 citations,
January 2002 in “Journal of Clinical Dermatology” Hair loss in androgenic alopecia may be linked to increased local androgen activities, but not to estrogen levels.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
February 2024 in “Hormones” Future hormone therapy trials should match the diverse needs and priorities of the gender-diverse community.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen deficiency can reduce the enzyme activity needed to activate vitamin D.
January 2019 in “ISGE series” Estrogen helps prevent artery plaque by stopping monocyte capture in blood vessels.
August 2013 in “Fertility and Sterility” PCOS may be influenced by factors in the blood, not just the ovaries.
December 2012 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Estrogen increases a growth factor in hair cells which might affect hair loss.