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This review evaluates in vitro hair follicle models, techniques, and challenges without reporting new clinical results, emphasizing their future potential in hair transplantation.

This review discusses recent advances in developmental tissue engineering for regenerating ectodermal appendages like teeth and glands, emphasizing biomaterial selection and cell culture strategies, but reports no new experimental results.

This review highlights the rapid advancements in 3D bioprinting techniques, emphasizing their role in enhancing regenerative therapy, drug delivery, and bioengineering applications while addressing current challenges in bioink formulation and bioprinting stability.

This study suggests the possibility of regenerating hair follicle structures in vitro using hiPSC-derived cell composites, which might reduce reliance on human tissue-derived cells for hair bioengineering.

This study demonstrated that exposing hair follicle organ cultures to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields at 10 G intensity for 60 minutes promoted hair growth, suggesting its potential as a treatment for hair loss.

This study reviews advancements in hair follicle regeneration, discussing the benefits and limitations of methods such as organ germ assembling, stem cell induction, and bioprinting, while highlighting the challenges of replicating embryonic signals and finding suitable cell sources for clinical applications.

This study reviewed various methods and techniques aimed at overcoming limitations in culturing human hair follicles, specifically focusing on restoring the inductivity of hair follicle cells for successful hair regeneration.

This review discusses various tissue engineering approaches for hair follicle regeneration and biomaterials used, emphasizing its potential despite current clinical challenges.

In this perspective, recent advances in regenerative medicine, including bioartificial substitutes and engineered in vitro platforms, are reviewed for their potential to restore human hair follicles, highlighting new technologies like 3D printing, hair-on-a-chip models, and stem cell-derived organoids.

This study found that diphencyprone is an effective and safe treatment for extensive alopecia areata, especially with long-term therapy and maintenance to reduce relapse risk.

This study found that balding dermal papilla cells show premature senescence and altered expression of stress and DNA damage markers, suggesting sensitivity to environmental stress in androgenetic alopecia.

This study found that dermal papilla cells in human hair follicles exhibit stronger expression of VEGF mRNA and protein compared to other follicular cells, suggesting their key role in angiogenic processes related to hair growth.

This study suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to androgenetic alopecia by inducing premature senescence and secretion of hair growth inhibitors in dermal papilla cells from balding scalp.

In this study, dermal papilla cell-derived exosomes accelerated hair follicle growth in mice, suggesting potential for treating hair loss by modulating key signaling pathways.

Minoxidil boosts hair growth by targeting adenosine and possibly sulfonylurea receptor 2B.

This study proposes the miR-22-5p-LEF1 axis as a novel pathway that may regulate hair follicle stem cell proliferation.

This study found that in vitro, beard dermal papilla cells stimulated keratinocyte proliferation via androgen-dependent growth factors, while androgenetic alopecia cells released TGF-β1, inhibiting keratinocyte growth.

This study found that testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone induced apoptosis in dermal papilla cells from nonbalding scalp regions, suggesting a high androgen stimulus can trigger cell death related to androgenetic alopecia.

This study found that topical immunotherapy affects angiogenesis and immune cell ratios in the scalp, potentially offering insights into the mechanisms underlying alopecia areata.

This study found that DKK1 and WNT10b are paracrine factors that modulate hair follicle stem cell differentiation inhibition, contributing to androgenetic alopecia by affecting Wnt signaling in androgen-sensitive dermal papilla cells after dihydrotestosterone stimulation.

This study identified three genes with significantly higher expression in androgen-sensitive beard dermal papilla cells compared to androgen-insensitive scalp cells, suggesting potential novel signaling pathways in hair follicles.

This study found that in vitro treatments with 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and androgen receptor antagonists strongly stimulate VEGF expression in dermal papilla cells.

This study found that exosomal miR-181a-5p promotes hair follicle growth and development in vitro by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and suppressing hair follicle stem cell apoptosis.

This study observed that testosterone metabolism and androgen receptor localization differ significantly across body sites, with beard hair follicles showing distinct characteristics compared to occipital scalp hair follicles.

This study found that dermal papilla cells cultured in vitro can promote hair follicle regeneration and maintain hair growth, with stronger ET-1 and SCF expression enhancing this regenerative ability.

This study found that dutasteride completely suppressed the formation of 5alpha-dihydro metabolites in cultured human skin cells, suggesting its potential use in acne and androgenetic alopecia.

This study found that angiogenin is expressed in human dermal papilla cells, where it might stimulate hair growth by promoting cell proliferation and local skin angiogenesis.

This study found that a newly developed hemi-vascularized sandwich method significantly improved the regeneration and maturity of hair follicles compared to other transplantation approaches in rat models.

This study demonstrated that a 3D bioprinting technique using a gelatin/alginate hydrogel scaffold can regenerate entire hair follicles in mice, offering potential advancements in hair loss treatment.

In this study, Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside was found to protect against DHT-induced dermal papilla cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in androgenetic alopecia, restoring hair growth in mouse models.