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Glossary Diabetic Ulcers

open sores on feet due to diabetes-related complications

Diabetic ulcers, also known as diabetic foot ulcers, are open sores or wounds that occur in individuals with diabetes, typically on the feet. These ulcers result from a combination of factors such as poor blood circulation, neuropathy (nerve damage), and a weakened immune system, which impair the body's ability to heal. If left untreated, diabetic ulcers can lead to serious complications, including infections and, in severe cases, amputation.

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research Thou shall not heal: Overcoming the non-healing behaviour of diabetic foot ulcers by engineering the inflammatory microenvironment

90 citations , October 2023 in “Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews”

This review highlights that unresolved inflammation is a major issue in diabetic foot ulcers and discusses emerging biomaterials-based strategies to modulate the inflammatory response, potentially aiding in tissue regeneration and healing in these chronic wounds.

research Skin microbiota and diabetic foot ulcers

6 citations , July 2025 in “Frontiers in Microbiology”

This study observed that in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, an imbalance in skin microbiota, with increased pathogenic bacteria, contributes to infection and poor wound healing, and suggests that modulating microbiota composition might improve healing outcomes.

research Comparative Assessment of Topical Platelet-Rich Plasma and Phenytoin for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing in a Rat Model

June 2026 in “University of Science and Technology Journal for Medical Sciences”

In this study, both platelet-rich plasma gel and 1% phenytoin cream showed comparable results for wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers in rats, with PRP providing slightly advanced histological improvements; however, the differences were not statistically significant.

research 1492 Prostacyclin pathway to enhance wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that treprostinil, a prostacyclin analog, significantly delayed fibroblast migration from healthy donors but did not affect fibroblast migration derived from diabetic foot ulcers.

research Exosome-based cell therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: Present and prospect

9 citations , October 2024 in “Heliyon”

In this review, the authors discuss the promising role of exosomes from various cell sources as potential cell-free therapies for diabetic foot ulcers, highlighting their therapeutic benefits in wound healing and the challenges faced in their clinical application.

research Risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers mortality and novel negative pressure combined with platelet-rich plasma therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

14 citations , December 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This study reports that negative pressure wound therapy combined with PRP may effectively accelerate wound healing and reduce mortality in diabetic foot ulcers, with albumin and age identified as independent predictors of mortality risk.

research Efficacy of Activated Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma in The Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: An Evidence-Based Brief Literature Review

June 2022 in “Biotechnological Research”

This review discusses the potential of activated autologous platelet-rich plasma (aaPRP) for improving diabetic foot ulcer outcomes but reports no new clinical results, noting the need for further evidence.

research Fibroblasts in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

33 citations , February 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study highlights the crucial, multifaceted roles of fibroblasts in wound healing and various diseases, including their dysregulation in diabetic foot ulcers, underscoring the need for targeted therapies to address complications and morbidity from such chronic conditions.

research Platelet Rich Plasma Effects on Diabetic Foot Ulcers - A Review

3 citations , March 2023 in “National Journal of Health Sciences”

This article reviews the potential of platelet-rich plasma therapy in managing diabetic foot ulcers but reports no new clinical findings, highlighting the need for further controlled trials to evaluate its effectiveness.

research Fat grafting and platelet‐rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A feasibility‐randomised controlled trial

55 citations , July 2020 in “International Wound Journal”

This study evaluated the feasibility of a single-center, three-arm trial to assess fat grafting with or without PRP for diabetic foot ulcers, finding high patient engagement and indicating that a multi-center trial could be safe and feasible.

research Use of Leukocyte Platelet (L-PRF) Rich Fibrin in Diabetic Foot Ulcer with Osteomyelitis (Three Clinical Cases Report)

38 citations , April 2018 in “Diseases”

This study observed that fibrin rich in leukocytes and platelets (L-PRF) might effectively heal diabetic foot ulcers with osteomyelitis, showing positive preliminary results in all three patients treated.

research Innovative Functional Biomaterials as Therapeutic Wound Dressings for Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers

12 citations , June 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review examines the potential of biomaterial-based wound dressings in managing diabetic foot ulcers, highlighting their versatility and therapeutic properties for promoting wound healing in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

research Innovative microneedle-integrated hydrogels: a promising strategy for diabetic foot ulcer management

July 2026 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology”

This review highlights that Microneedle Hydrogels may offer promising advantages for diabetic foot ulcer treatment due to their minimally invasive application and effective drug delivery capabilities.

research Exploring the Role of GLP‐1 Agents in Managing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Narrative and Systematic Review

September 2025 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration”

This review suggests that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists may play a potentially protective role in managing diabetic foot ulcers, particularly by addressing various underlying pathophysiological aspects.

research Platelet-rich plasma-loaded bioactive chitosan@sodium alginate@gelatin shell-core fibrous hydrogels with enhanced sustained release of growth factors for diabetic foot ulcer healing

February 2023 in “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules”

This study reports that PRP-loaded bioactive fibrous hydrogels significantly enhance wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers by reducing inflammation and promoting tissue growth, with reduced administration frequency compared to standard PRP gel.

research Study on the regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins combined with bone mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on IRAK1/TRAF6-NF-κB pathway in patients with diabetic cutaneous ulcers

10 citations , January 2023 in “Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research”

This study found that combining Panax notoginseng saponins with bone mesenchymal stem cells significantly enhanced diabetic cutaneous ulcer healing in rats by reducing inflammation and promoting new epidermis formation through specific molecular pathways.

research Dual-functional hybrid quaternized chitosan/Mg/alginate dressing with antibacterial and angiogenic potential for diabetic wound healing

43 citations , August 2021 in “Journal of Orthopaedic Translation”

This study explored a dual-functional dressing with quaternized chitosan and magnesium, finding it enhanced wound healing and had strong antibacterial effects against drug-resistant bacteria in diabetic rat models with infected foot ulcers, suggesting promise for diabetic foot ulcer treatment.

research Interleukin-25-Mediated-IL-17RB Upregulation Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Improving Endothelial Cell Functions

34 citations , January 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that IL-25-mediated-IL-17RB signaling improved diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and endothelial cell function, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for poorly healing diabetic wounds.

research Inhibiting the cytosolic function of CXXC5 accelerates diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis and skin repair

19 citations , August 2023 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

This study found that the CXXC5 protein is overexpressed in diabetic foot ulcer tissues, suppressing wound healing, and that the small molecule KY19334 accelerated healing in diabetic mice by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

research Major Improvement in Wound Healing Through Pharmacologic Mobilization of Stem Cells in Severely Diabetic Rats

16 citations , January 2020 in “Diabetes”

In this study using diabetic rat models, the combination of AMD3100 and low-dose FK506 reduced wound healing time and improved microcirculation in diabetic foot ulcers, indicating a promising new systemic therapy.

research Enhancing diabetic wound healing: advances in electrospun scaffolds from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications

5 citations , February 2024 in “Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology”

This research review outlines the challenges of diabetic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers, and examines the potential of electrospinning nanofiber scaffolds to improve healing by promoting tissue formation, allowing drug release, and enhancing specific wound healing properties.

research Risk factors of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in patients with diabetic retinopathy due to type 2 diabetes

January 2024 in “Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo”

In this study, patients with diabetic retinopathy and peripheral occlusive arterial disease had significantly longer diabetes duration, higher HbA1c levels, poorer glycemic control, and were more often smokers compared to those without arterial disease, suggesting these factors contribute to disease development.

research An off-the-shelf bioactive EV delivering cryogel orchestrating immunomodulatory reprogramming and angiogenesis for diabetic ulcer healing

February 2026 in “Biomaterials”

BOOST is a promising, easy-to-use treatment for diabetic foot ulcers that improves healing by reducing inflammation and promoting blood vessel growth.

Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of Polydeoxyribonucleotide

research Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of PDRN

80 citations , April 2017 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This review examines experimental and clinical evidence on PDRN, a drug derived from salmon DNA that acts via the adenosine A2A receptor and shows promise for tissue repair and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in regenerative medicine.

Systematic Review: Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Biomaterials as New Regenerative Strategies in Chronic Skin Wounds and Soft Tissue Defects

research Systematic Review: Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma and Biomaterials as New Regenerative Strategies in Chronic Skin Wounds and Soft Tissue Defects

70 citations , February 2021 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review provides an overview of current research on AD-MSCs, PRP, and biomaterials, highlighting their safety and efficacy in treating soft tissue defects and chronic wounds without major side effects.

Skin Diseases Due to Endocrine Alterations

research Skin diseases in consequence of endocrine alterations

16 citations , January 2006 in “The Aging Male”

This review discusses various skin diseases with endocrinological origins and reports no clinical results, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary understanding in diagnosis.

research Evidence-based consensus on the clinical application of photobiomodulation

16 citations , April 2025 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

In this study, an expert panel established a consensus guideline indicating that photobiomodulation is a safe and effective treatment for various conditions, including peripheral neuropathy and androgenic alopecia.

research Cathelicidins: Opportunities and Challenges in Skin Therapeutics and Clinical Translation

7 citations , December 2024 in “Antibiotics”

This review discusses the potential of cathelicidins in treating skin conditions but highlights significant challenges, including unclear clinical efficacy, safety concerns, and bacterial resistance, that must be addressed for successful medical application.

research Trace element zinc and skin disorders

4 citations , January 2023 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This review discusses the use of zinc supplementation in dermatology for various skin conditions and reports no new clinical results, providing references for its application.

research Local anti-inflammatory effect and immunomodulatory activity of chitosan-based dressing in skin wound healing: a systematic review

4 citations , November 2022 in “Journal of clinical and translational research”

This systematic review found that chitosan-based wound therapy may accelerate wound healing by reducing inflammation and modulating immune response, but notes limited clinical trials to date.