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Men are more likely to have severe respiratory viral infections like COVID-19 due to hormonal and genetic differences, while women generally have stronger immune responses.

The S250C variant in a gene may cause autoimmunity and immunodeficiency by impairing protein function.

A new type of pachyonychia congenita linked to a specific keratin gene mutation was found in two Pakistani families.

PCOS is a common hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and increased hair growth, linked to insulin resistance and long-term health issues.

BMP4-related anomalies can cause a wide range of eye, brain, and hand/foot problems, and new cases show this variability.

Selecting specific KRTAP26-1 gene variants can improve wool quality in sheep.

Betacoronaviruses, like COVID-19, may cause hormone system dysfunction and affect disease susceptibility and severity.

JAK inhibitors may soon be a safe and effective treatment for alopecia areata.

Male pattern baldness involves hormone-related hair thinning, shorter hair, and inflammation.

Skin problems are common in lupus patients and should be treated early to prevent worsening.

Most cutaneous adnexal tumors examined were benign and resembled common skin tumors.

Caffeine may help hair growth in hereditary hair loss.

The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of alopecia in children relies on thorough examination and history, and while treatments exist, none can alter the course of alopecia areata, which can significantly affect a child's psychological well-being.

B2m-free HLA variants may be a new class of HLA important in immune responses and diseases.

The most common skin condition at the Baqai Institute in Karachi was scabies, and eczema was the most prevalent group of diseases.

The most common skin issues in females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are excessive hair growth, hair loss, oily skin, acne, dark skin patches, and skin tags, which may be linked to hormone and insulin levels.

The chapter explains common scalp conditions, including infections, infestations, and tumors.

PCOS is the most common cause of hirsutism, and personalized treatment is important.

Pruritus is common in LPP and FFA, worsened by heat and stress, and relieved by cold, affecting quality of life.

Various treatments for common hair loss in men and women are effective, but should be tailored to individual needs and potential side effects.

Hair loss is common in autoimmune diseases and can be an early sign of the condition, often requiring prompt treatment to prevent permanent damage.

Scalp melanoma is more common and easier to diagnose early in people with androgenetic alopecia due to sun damage.

A49T gene variant linked to higher prostate cancer risk, lower hormone levels, and slightly reduced balding risk.

Ice-skating athletes often have skin problems due to cold, infections, and inflammation, needing careful treatment and prevention.

Female pattern hair loss has unclear causes, possibly involving genetics, hormones, and environment, and needs better treatments.

The document concludes that early diagnosis and treatment are key for pediatric hair loss disorders, and addressing the emotional effects on children is important.

Scalp skin conditions are more common in young adults and teenagers, especially males, with itching being the main complaint. The most common conditions are psoriasis and alopecia areata, and these can significantly affect a person's social life due to their psychological impact.

Environmental factors and chemicals might affect hormone balance and contribute to common hair loss.

Rosacea is a skin condition with unclear causes, classified into four subtypes.

Many hair diseases, including those caused by medications and psychological issues, can lead to hair loss and require proper treatment and specialist care.