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    Glossary Comedones

    clogged hair follicles, often called blackheads or whiteheads

    Comedones are clogged hair follicles (pores) in the skin, often referred to as blackheads or whiteheads. They form when dead skin cells, oil, and sometimes bacteria accumulate and block the follicle. Blackheads are open comedones where the material inside the pore is exposed to air and oxidizes, turning dark. Whiteheads are closed comedones where the blockage remains under the skin, creating a small, flesh-colored bump.

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    1. Comedone formation: Etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment Clinics in dermatology · 2004 · 103 citations
    2. Pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. I. Comedogenic properties of human sebum in external ear canal of the rabbit Archives of Dermatology · 1968 · 98 citations
    3. Nevus comedonicus Dermatology · 1999 · 44 citations
    4. Comedonal and Cystic Fibrofolliculomas in Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome JAMA Dermatology · 2015 · 33 citations
    5. Scalp comedones after topical minoxidil Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 1985 · 19 citations
    6. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting as atypical acneiform and comedonal plaque: case report and literature review Lupus · 2017 · 16 citations
    7. Endogenous Skin Fluorescence is a Good Marker for Objective Evaluation of Comedolysis 2000 · 15 citations
    8. Discoid lupus erythematosus presenting with cysts, comedones, and cicatricial alopecia on the scalp Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2009 · 14 citations
    9. Bilateral Nevus Comedonicus of the Eyelids Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2013 · 7 citations
    10. Familial Dyskeratotic Comedones: A Case Report and Literature Review Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · 2023 · 1 citations
    11. Nevus comedonicus with lesional growth of terminal hair: An unusual case The Journal of Dermatology · 2024
    12. Generalized Asymptomatic Cutaneous Pits and Comedones in a Young Woman Indian Journal of Dermatology · 2024
    13. Comedones and epidermal cysts on the abdominal skin of a dog occurring after a laparotomy. PubMed · 2024
    14. Widespread and eruptive comedonal lesions with alopecia JAAD case reports · 2022
    15. A case of unusual comedogenesis in alopecia totalis Indian Dermatology Online Journal · 2022
    16. Effect of Citral on Experimentally-induced Comedones Gugje bogeon mi-yong haghoeji · 2022
    17. Multi-dermatomal unilateral nevus comedonicus along the lines of Blaschko: a rare presentation International journal of research in dermatology · 2017
    18. Strategic Targets in Acne: The Comedone Switch in Question Dermatology · 2015 · 47 citations
    19. Unraveling the Comedone Switch through Single-Cell Resolution of Human Acne Lesions bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2026
    20. Comedonic discoid lupus erythematous Scandinavian journal of rheumatology · 2019 · 5 citations
    21. Mechanical stress and the development of pseudo‐comedones and tunnels in Hidradenitis suppurativa/Acne inversa Experimental Dermatology · 2016 · 29 citations
    22. A comedonal variant of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Case report and literature review JAAD case reports · 2019 · 8 citations
    23. Lupus comédonien Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie · 2007 · 7 citations
    24. [Nevus comedonicus. A rare skin disease of the hair follicles]. PubMed · 1991 · 2 citations
    25. Late onset nevus comedonicus of scalp: a rare site for an uncommon condition Dermatology Online Journal · 2019 · 1 citations
    26. Nevus Comedonicus (Blaschkoid Variant) Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology · 2026
    27. LATE-ONSET NEVUS COMEDONICUS IN AN ADULT PATIENT WITH DIABETES MELLITUS Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · 2025
    28. Extensive Nevus Comedonicus Along the Lines of Blaschko – Through the Eyes of Dermoscope and Histopathology Indian Dermatology Online Journal · 2025
    29. Nevus comedonicus syndrome: a case associated with multiple basal cell carcinomas and a rudimentary toe International Journal of Dermatology · 2005 · 38 citations
    30. Bilateral nevus comedonicus: efficacy of topical tacalcitol ointment Acta Dermato Venereologica · 2003 · 21 citations