February 2024 in “medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study aims to assess how daily life factors affect sleep patterns and describe individual sleep changes across the year, with results to be published in future research.
4 citations
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June 2024 in “Heliyon” This study found a causal relationship between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorders such as SLE, RA, and MS in Europe, but not between T1DM and SLE in East Asia, highlighting the need for preventive monitoring in affected regions.
July 2026 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” This study found no causal relationship between obesity and androgenetic alopecia, suggesting that their previously observed link is likely due to confounding factors.
February 2026 in “Journal of Dermatology and Skin Science” This review suggests a causal relationship between finasteride, used for hair loss, and persistent neuropsychiatric side effects like depression, citing evidence that fulfills key causality criteria and calls for cautious use along with strengthened regulatory oversight.
April 2025 in “International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology” This study found a significant causal relationship between androgenetic alopecia and schizophrenia, but no causal association between schizophrenia and androgenetic alopecia.
3 citations
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August 2024 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” This study offers genetic evidence supporting a causal relationship between thyroid dysfunction and alopecia areata, which may help in managing and treating AA patients.
This review discusses the complex causal relationships between testosterone exposure and various health outcomes, but notes that the studies reviewed show substantial heterogeneity.
1 citations
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January 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” This study found that specific inflammatory factors, including decreased SCF, MIP-1β, and MCP-1, and increased SDF-1α and HGF, have causal relationships with rosacea, highlighting potential targets for further research into disease mechanisms.
137 citations
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January 2000 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” This review outlines the factors affecting skin greasiness and sebum production, highlighting measurement challenges but reports no new clinical findings; further research may guide sebosuppressive treatments for acne.
4 citations
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January 2023 in “Frontiers in Immunology” In this Mendelian randomization study, shortened leukocyte telomere length was associated with an increased risk of androgenetic alopecia, but no causal relationship was found with alopecia areata.
April 2024 in “Prostate international” In this study using Mendelian randomization analysis, researchers found no causal relationship between androgenic alopecia and prostate cancer risk, suggesting that previously observed associations in epidemiological studies might not be causal.
March 2024 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” In this study, a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis found a causal link between alopecia areata and hypothyroidism, indicating that each condition may influence the other, while no similar relationship was observed between androgenetic alopecia and hypothyroidism.
6 citations
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March 2016 in “British Journal of Dermatology” This study reports that low levels of HDL cholesterol and IGF-1 were associated with a higher risk of hair loss in middle-aged women, but causal relationships remain uncertain.
4 citations
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October 2024 in “Dermatology and Therapy” In this study, researchers observed that alterations in scalp microbiota might be linked to inflammation associated with alopecia areata, but it's unclear if these microbiota changes cause or result from hair loss, necessitating further investigation into their causal relationship and mechanisms.
July 2026 in “International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences” This case study reports that a 30-year-old female with vitiligo showed marked improvement in skin pigmentation and overall well-being through individualized homeopathic treatment with Natrum muriaticum 200C, supported by photographic evidence and MONARCH scoring suggesting a causal relationship.
July 2026 in “International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences” In this case report, researchers documented significant improvement in alopecia areata symptoms using a single dose of the homeopathic remedy Fluoric acid 30C, noting changes in clinical outcomes and dermatology life quality scores over four months, with a causal relationship score of +9/13.
June 2026 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” This study found that psychiatric adverse drug reactions were more frequently reported with finasteride than with dutasteride, but it remains unclear if there is a causal relationship.
November 2025 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” This study identified elevated CD25 on secreting CD4 regulatory T cells as a genetic risk factor for androgenetic alopecia, with certain plasma proteins acting as mediators in this causal relationship.
In this study, the researchers reported two new cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp following synthetic hair implantation, adding to existing concerns about the procedure's safety due to potential severe complications, though insufficient data exist to confirm a causal relationship.
This simulation study found that higher cannabis exposure in a virtual population was associated with increased hair shedding severity and reduced follicular density, but these results are based on modeled data and cannot establish causal relationships.
6 citations
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January 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, the researchers used Mendelian randomization to suggest a potential causal link between various gut microbiota and alopecia areata, finding that certain bacteria like Butyricimonas and Phascolarctobacterium may have protective effects, whereas others like Ruminococcaceae UCG003 might increase risk.
July 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study offers evidence suggesting a probable causal role of certain gut microbiota in the development of alopecia areata.
28 citations
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May 2014 in “PubMed” This study found that increased hair cortisol levels, indicating stress, were associated with greater hair loss in captive rhesus macaques, although the causality of this relationship remains unclear.
86 citations
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July 2012 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” This report suggests a causal connection between hyaluronic acid filler injections and the development of xanthelasma, possibly through an inflammatory reaction that increases vascular permeability and LDL leakage.
6 citations
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October 2018 in “Drug safety - case reports” In this report, two women treated with alitretinoin experienced persistent curling of their previously straight hair, suggesting a likely causal link between the medication and hair texture changes.
2 citations
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May 2022 in “International Journal of Impotence Research” This pharmacovigilance study found strong disproportionality signals suggesting an association between finasteride and Peyronie's disease-related clinical features, but the evidence does not confirm a causal link.
April 2026 in “BMC Oral Health” In this case report, a 45-year-old male developed recurrent, painful oral ulcers after starting finasteride for hair loss, with symptoms resolving after stopping the drug and returning upon rechallenge, suggesting a probable causal link.
September 2025 in “Clinical Case Reports” This case report identified a possible adverse effect of low-dose oral minoxidil for female pattern hair loss, as a 74-year-old woman developed significant dry mouth that resolved after stopping the medication and recurred upon rechallenge, suggesting a causal link.
This review indicates that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may be linked to hair loss, raising safety concerns despite the lack of definitive causal evidence.
4 citations
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August 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology” The study was retracted.